John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
Funeral of Mrs Ann widow of T. B. Adams.
My Son came home last Night very
ill, though it was not made known to me till this day— He had taken a
severe cold last Tuesday at Holmes’s hole, and on Wednesday morning
found himself seized suddenly with a violent cough, hoarseness, sore
throat and fever— He remained however there till yesterday morning, when
he returned by a Steamer to New-Bedford which he reached at Noon— There
he was detained 3 hours to take the railway cars, and saw Mr
Grinnell but could not visit his Lady. It was past 6 O’Clock when he arrived in the
railway train from New-Bedford at Boston. He had written to his wife last Monday, giving notice
that he proposed to come home on Thursday and requesting that Fuller might be sent to meet him at
the depot of the Providence railroad with the Carriage at 5— p.m of
yesterday— Fuller went accordingly; but it was half past 6. when the
Cars arrived, and before coming out he went and took advice of Dr
Bigelow, who directed him on reaching home to shut himself up
and keep house for some days— From 6. O’Clock last evening till 8 when
he arrived, I was in extreme uneasiness, fearing that some disastrous
accident had befallen on him in the railway cars— He arrived in a shower
of rain— The family of Mrs Ann Adams had depended upon him to make all
the arrangements for her funeral this afternoon— In the delay of his
arrival last evening, John Kirke came
to me for directions. I named to him Thomas and Daniel
Greenleaf—Lemuel
Bracket, Josiah
Brigham, George W.
Beale and John
Whitney, to be requested to serve as Pall-holders— When he
came I directed Kirk to go up the hill and ask him to come and speak
with me about the Pall holders— He sent me back word that he was
somewhat fatigued; and that there was no occasion for Pallholders, the
custom of having any at funerals being in this part of the country
discontinued— This morning, under the depression of Spirits, of
increasing tremulous debility, still encroaching upon my physical powers
like the surge of a rising tide, I first learnt the illness of my Son.
After an early dinner I went with my wife to his house, and found him with a hoarse cough
and sore throat scarcely able to speak.— He was of course confined to
his house. I went with my wife, Mrs John Adams, her daughter
Mary-Louisa and Louisa C. Smith, to the house where
Mrs. Ann Adams has resided since May
1829. and where she died— Many of her relatives of her own family and of
ours, together with her neighbours of her late residence male and female
were there assembled. The house was filled— Her daughter Elizabeth, her Son Isaac Hull Adams, and John Quincy Adams, her sisters Greenough
Foster and Stebbins were there, and many other
Friends and Acquaintance— The funeral service was performed by the
Revd.
William P. Lunt. The Coffin was transported in a Carriage
to the grave yard without Pall bearers, and followed by a procession of
mourners in Carriages and of friends and strangers on foot. It was
deposited in the tomb bearing my name over its door. I walked home and
spent the Evening at Charles’s and at my own house.
