John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
Sun rose 4:36. Set 7.35.
The cool weather of Sunday at this place and at Boston last Sunday was
the breath of an eastern breeze, fresh from the Sea, and extended not 40
miles westward. At New-York Albany and Philadelphia, there has been no
intermission of the heat, and every where the thermometers are quoted at
100—and some up to 106. The lightening of yesterday struck the
easternmost Schools house in this town; but the gust was much heavier at
Boston than here; and at Lowell it killed a man, and damaged several
houses.— This day the heat was nearly or quite as oppressive as last
Saturday.— I went to Boston in the Coach with Mrs
Charles and Mary-Louisa— I spent an hour and a quarter in walking to
and fro in the burning Street in search of N. 3. Amory Hall, corner of
Washington and West Streets where I found at last Mr John C.
King the Sculptor, who took a sitting of an hour for my
bust. The work of this day—was only the drawing with a pencil upon
paper, of the profile of my head as large as life— We agreed upon this
day week for the next sitting— He had a small cage with two Scottish
linnets in it. He said they had been brought out in one of the Steamers
this Spring— They were full of life and Spirits, chirping and pecking at
the seeds of the herbs on which they feed, and flying about the cage as
if in perfect possession of their freedom— He told me several anecdotes
of his taming this kind of birds and keeping them tame without cage for
five years of time.— It was past 12. when I reached the office of the
Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, where on the 12th. of May 1831. I had deposited 2000
dollars, for my niece Abigail Smith
Adams and received a Deed of trust to hold till her
decease after which the money was to be received by me— On the 31st. of May of that same year, she was
married to John Angier of Medford,
and on the 4th of last February she died—
The deed with a power to receive the dividends of interest are in the
hands of Mr Angier, who received the
dividend till 1837. since which no interest has been received— So that
on the 1st. of January last the sum due was
2909.36.— The interest ceases after 3 months from the death of the
person ensured. Mrs. Ann Adams, mother of Mrs. Angier, herself now slowly dying with a cancer spoke to
my Son a few days since
about this trust, and believes that the money will be equitably due to
her, though I suppose by chancery Law it must be at the disposal of Mr Angier— The trust makes it my duty to act,
although having for 14 years had nothing to do with it, the history of
it had nearly passed out of my Memory. I took a pencil minute of the
facts, dates and sums— I made a purchase of a mustard pot, and called at
Dr
Frothingham’s to meet the Ladies— Miss Cutts returned from her visit of a
week to Miss Mary
Crowninshield at Nahant. We were to send for her to the
house of Mr B. W Crowninshield—but he was absent; his
house was shut up, and Miss Cutts had taken her passage for Quincy in
Gillett’s Noon-tide Stage— I
found Mary-Louisa at Dr Frothinghams after a
few minutes, Fuller with the
Coach took us up, and we stop’d at Miss
Wainwright a dress makers, took up Mrs Charles and returned in the melting mood to Quincy— Miss
Cutts was there before us— My Son had attended the Greek examination at
Cambridge and came home about 5 this afternoon— John Quincy has a holiday to-morrow,
and brought home a fellow student, Henshaw— I
steeped 100 mazzard cherries in a bottle of Jamaica Rum, of which I sent
for a Gallon, to complete my experiment— Charles spent the Evening with
us.— Prostrate with heat.
