John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Fillmore Millard
- Love Thomas H
- Rogers
- Williams
- Thompson James
- Johns D
rWilliam - Dobbins D.
- Hunter John W
- Tracy Albert H—
- Hosmer Rev
d - Hawkes Rev
d - And many others
The room in which I slept was so small, so cold and so dark, that they
gave me another this morning, very comfortable, the same in which I had
slept last July. Immediately after breakfast, Mr
Thompson, Dr John’s and Mr Dobbins
called on me, and informed me, that they together with Mr Hunter
and General Charles M Read, member
of Congress elect from the Eri District of Pennsylvania, had been
appointed a Committee by the inhabitants of the borough to invite me to
visit them on my way to Cincinnati—which invitation I accepted and it
was agreed that we should embark at 8. O’Clock to morrow morning in the
Steamer Genl. Wayne in which those gentlemen
had come down to meet me— Mr Fillmore immediately after
came in and invited us to tea at his house this evening, and offered us
seats in his pew at the unitarian church which we accepted. The preacher
was Mr
Hosmer and his text was from Matthew 6.31. “What shall we
eat? or, What shall we drink? Or, wherewithal shall we be clothed?” He
left out the preceding words of the verse [“]Therefore, take no thought
saying” so that the Sermon was not directly upon the negative precept,
but upon the anxious cravings of mankind for the supply of these wants
incident to their physical nature— The discourse was an earnest and
affectionate exhortation to the auditory not to indulge this excessing
anxiety for the necessaries of life, but to guard against them by
industry moderation and frugality and most especially by suppressing
their propensities to lavish and extravagant expense, which he denounced
as the besetting sin of the age and especially of the place.— An
excellent and eminently practical Sermon.— Mr Hosmer gave notice that the anniversary festival of the
protestant reformation would be held this evening. I observed that the
usage of the worshipers here is to be seated during prayer, and to stand
at the singing of the hymns. They use the compilation of the late
Dr
Greenwood— We dined at the Hotel and by invitation of
Mr Rogers
attended the evening service of the episcopal church: where a stranger,
read prayers for the 20th Sunday after
Trinity and Mr
Hawkes, the settled minister was the preacher— His text
and his sermon have slipped from my memory, which is the fault not of
his mediocrity, but of my lethargy. Mr
Hawkes is a young man, a brother of the celebrated Dr Hawkes;
and married a sister of Mrs Edward
Stanly. Returning from church I met in the street my old
friend Albert H. Tracy, and was
visited at the hotel by Lieutt. Williams the engineer, and others— We
attended a tea and evening party at Mr
Fillmore’s— Mr
Love having insisted that I should first stop in at his
house where his eldest daughter sung
and played on the Piano the old armed Chair— Conversation with
Tracy—