John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Field Harvey
- Lunt. William P.
Sun rose 5.29. Crystal clear—
Heavy dew—wet feet— The hottest night of the year. Devoured all night by
muschitos, and compelled to rise before my time to escape from them— The
loss of the Night’s repose infected the industry of the day and the
astronomical address lingers mournfully along— I filled experimentally
the seedling pot N. 3. and spaded round the Apple tree by the side of
which the seedling white maple perished in the drought. I took to the
Book binder Gill the 17th volum of my Diary, from 1. Jany. 1842 to 8. July 1843 to be bound. The old
Mitchell’s map was there and
I left directed how it was to be repaired for preservation. I met sundry
boys gathering wild cherries from my trees along the road on the hill—
They said they had permission— Harvey
Field was here, renewing proposals for the purchase of
lands from my Penn’s valley farm, but shy of making offers. I desired
him to stake out the ground which he wanted, with Deacon Spear, and to name the price he
is willing to give for it; and promised then an answer— I received a
Letter from Mr
Frye, with enquiries whether of Mr T. B.
Johnson’s funds of which my
Son is the Agent and Trustee the sum of 3500 dollars can
be withdrawn to be invested in a mortgage of George Boyd’s house and land in Michigan to save his wife and children from being turned
houseless into the Street or the woods— I took the letter to my Son and
had some conversation with him about it.— He finally took the Letter,
and said he would answer it— Mr Lunt was here this Evening.
He has been to Hingham, and through Mr Jairus Lincoln obtained the
following extracts, from the town records of that place John Quincy of Braintree and Elizabeth Norton of Hingham were
married October 6. 1715.— Norton
Quincy was born Oct 27. 1716. This supplies the dates of
two events which I have long been desirous of ascertaining— The entry in
chief Justice Sewall’s Diary
of 5 pounds lent to John Quincy, with the present of a Psalm book for
his mistress is of Octr. 4. 1715. as now
appears only two days before his marriage— I am daily receiving Letters
of invitation to visit places on going to or returning from Cincinnati
which embarrass me exceedingly. This day two from Samson Mason and one from H. Hedrick to Springfield, Clark County
Ohio.— One two days since from Joshua R.
Giddings, apprizing me that they are taking measures to
invite me to Jefferson, Ashtabula County, Ohio. Besides the invitation
already received from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—there has been a meeting
of the inhabitants without distinction of party and Resolutions adopted
to invite me as the guest of the city— I have received also Letters from
Mrs
Alicia Boylston, Elisha H.
Allen, James T.
Austin, Caleb
Hartshorn—James
Eaton of Malden, (to deliver a Lecture) and Frederick T. Tiffany (to be
re-elected chaplain of the U.S. house of Representatives) requiring
immediate answers, which I procrastinate— I made out to write this
Evening to Mr
Joseph Grinnell, enclosing to him the 5 dollars bank Bill,
received from General Peter B.
Porter at Niagara Falls for him.