John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Bigelow D
rJacob - Savage James.
- Parkman D
rGeorge - Schuyler
- Bancroft George
- Winthrop Robert C.
Mr
Savage, President of the Massachusetts historical Society
called and I had a long conversation with him; chiefly upon a question
fit only to make a learned body ridiculous by forming a subject for
divided opinions and even of controversy. That is, on the day for the
ceremony.— The day of the confederation was 19. May 1643— The day chosen
for the celebration is the 29th. of May
because at that time the difference between the Calenders was only ten
days— But the difference is now two days more, and I told Mr Savage that as the 19th. of May of old Style of the present year
is the 31st. of the new Style, I thought
they should take the 31st. for the
celebration— But he and judge Davis,
have settled the point between themselves upon principle— He argued it
with me astronomically and politically with such lucid illustration,
that I lost the thread of his syllogism, and finally did not understand
him at all. I went to visit Dr Frothingham, who was not at
home, and I called on George
Bancroft. I found Robert C.
Winthrop with him, and of course we talked history— They
were endeavouring to ascertain the relation between Sir John Temple, Winthrops grand-father
and the Grenville family—of which I was surprized to see, Winthrop
apparently not at all informed— Mr Bancroft
had a number of manuscript Letters, which Edward Everett has collected for him, from Burke, Fox, Champion,
Dr
Franklin, Arthur Lee
&c written in 1774—and among the rest a copy of Thomas Hutchinson’s account of his
private interview, with King George the 3d. in July 1774. on
Hutchinson’s first arrival from this country— He was introduced by
Lord Dartmouth, and was
upwards of two hours long with the king— Much of the dialogue, was upon
the detection and exposure by Dr Franklin of
Hutchinson’s Letters, upon which the king said that there was not a word
in them at which any just exception could be taken— Bancroft told me
that from this paper and all the other disclosures to which he has
obtained of the real character of Hutchinson, he had come to the same
conclusion that my father did—that
he was a bad man.— This afternoon I had again a long professional visit
from Dr
Bigelow, and a discussion upon the proper regimen and
treatment of the incurable disease with which I am afflicted, and for
which I believe great abstemiousness and he thinks good living the
appropriate, and only appropriate palliative remedy— He still persists
in his opinion, and I shall conform myself to it, as long, and as well
as I can— Dr
George Parkman came to see me. He did not know that I was
in the city till this morning— My intercourse with him is always
friendly without alloy, and nothing more— At close of day I went with
Charles’s
wife in to their next door
neighbour’s Mr
Samuel D. Parker, and saw him—his
daughter—niece and two sons, the youngest of whom is a
student at the University. Visit afterwards from Mr Schuyler—of New-York.