John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Bogan John A
- Abbott
Chilly rain all the morning— I had a very bad night and feel as if my
Constitution was breaking up. I received two days since a Letter from a
Stranger advising me now to retire from the world, the only reason for
my postponing which is that I cannot afford it. There is another which I
should have much trouble to overcome, but which I would encounter— That
is the vacuity of occupation, in which I could take an interest— More
than 60 years of incessant active intercourse with the world has made
political movement to me as much a necessary of life as atmospheric air—
This is the weakness of my nature, which I have intellect enough left to
perceive, but not energy to controul— And thus while a remnant of
physical power is left me to write and speak, the world will retire from
me before I shall retire from the world— Mr Bogan was here again this
Morning to ask for his petition, which I had looked up, and had ready to
give him. He asked if it could be presented at the extra Session of
Congress— I said I could offer to present it; though I could not promise
that the house would receive it. He desired me then to keep it, and I
concluded to speak to the Secretary of the
Treasury upon the whole subject of the employment of work
men on the public buildings— But I was compelled to postpone my visits
to the Departments of State and of the Treasury— Mr Abbott was here and I agreed
with him to deliver a Lecture to-morrow evening, at Dr Laurie’s
Church at 1/2 past 7—a tax that has become perfectly odious to me. He
asked me if I should have any objection to their taking up a collection
after the Lecture— I said no, provided it was understood that no part of
it was to come to me— They want the money for contributions to their
library— I went to the City Hall to enquire at the Registrar’s Office,
for the registry of Drady Ann
Whitlow a free mulatto woman who is living with us as
Cook; but her name could not be found on the register— She has a
mutilated certificate from Charles County Maryland, from which the name
of the certifying clerk is torn off; and she is now liable to be taken
up and sold every day of the year for want of papers. I went next to the
Capitol, and enquired at the Office of the Secretary of the Senate for a Document written by
Mr
Leavitt and ordered by the Senate to be printed— Mr Leavitt had written to me requesting me to
procure a copy, or copies of it for him— But it is not yet printed— At
the Office of the Clerk of the
House, I received two sheets of the journal drawing to the
close of the Session— The sky cleared up towards evening and I walked
round the President’s Square— The filing, assorting and answering my
budget of Letters in arrear proceeds sluggishly absorbing precious time,
and heaping Pelion upon Ossa for future struggles never to be
successful— I received this Evening a long Letter from my Son, with much heraldry from a man
named Grace, at the Havana—
