John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Adams Leonard
Leonard Adams is an inhabitant of
this City about 65 years of age, originally from Massachusetts, but who
has resided many years, here and raised by laborious industry a family
of ten children, five of whom are yet living. He has been these two
years working as a labourer at the Patent Office, and came now to ask my
influence to obtain for him some place in one of the Departments as a
watchman or Messenger— I might as well undertake by my influence to
obtain for him the Office of Porter at the gate of Heaven— I looked into
the massive Volumes of Correspondence, communicated to the British
Parliament, and found several documents relating to the case of the
Amistad, and large portions of the correspondence of Nicholas P. Trist— Much of the day
wasted in this reading, with very little progress made. I went to the
Department of State, and examined the correspondence between the
late Secretary of State, and
the U.S. District Attorney in
Connecticut Holabird relating to the Amistad Africans. The
Original draught of the order, of Martin
Van Buren dated 7. Jany 1840.
to the Marshal of the District of
Connecticut, to deliver over to Lieutenant John S. Paine of the United States Navy, and
aid in conveying on board the schooner Grampus, under his command all the negroes, late of the Spanish Schooner
Amistad, in his custody, under process now pending before the circuit
Court of the United States for the district of Connecticut, is annexed
to the draught of a Letter from the Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Navy of 7. January
1840 published in Document 185— There is in the draught of the order, an
interlineation erased, making it conditional on the event of the
dismissal of the suit by the Courts, the date of 7. Jany 1840. is also erased—but no record of the
correction made, after the return of the warrant by the District
Attorney—nor any notice of the change in the volume of Records— The
Letters from Holabird to Forsyth of 5, 9. and 21. Septr. 1839 are all garbled in Document 185— I
asked Mr
Webster if the President could not authorize a public vessel going to be
stationed on the Coast of Africa to give a passage to all the liberated
Africans— The District and Circuit Courts having so decreed, and the
decree of the Supreme Court, though declaring them free—not Slaves, not
Pirates, not Robbers, yet having taken from them the vessel found in
their possession, indispensable to them for the accomplishment of their
voyage home, and her cargo, their lawful prize of War, and which
furnished them with ample means for their return to Africa— Mr Webster appeared at first startled at the
idea, that the Amistad and her Cargo were the property of the Africans,
but afterwards upon my urging the equity of sending them home, and its
conformity to the policy of the Slave trade acts of Congress, he said he
saw no objection to furnish them with a passage in a public ship, and
would speak of it to morrow to the Secretary of the Navy.— I spent the Evening in answering
Letters of invitation to deliver Addresses, Discourses and Lectures.