John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Clay Henry
- Crittenden John J.
- Southard Samuel L
- Whittlesey Elisha
- M
rsWhittlesey. - Janes Henry F.
- Love Thomas C
- Hall Hiland
- Allen Heman,
- Briggs George N.
- Loyall George
- Chapman R
- Martin J. L
- Jones J. W.
- Patton John M
- Johnson Henry
- Chauncey Isaac
- Beaumont Andrew
- Wagener D. D.
- Turner James.
- Lawrence Abbott
- M
rsLawrence - Miss Bigelow
- Evans Hugh
- Elliot William j
r - Pickering.
I have hitherto enjoyed since my arrival here an unusual portion of
health, but the sore throat and the catarrhal cough, last evening came
upon me, and this day gave me warning that my time of exemption from
them has past— I kept house all the morning, and received a multitude of
visitors by cards. Mr Clay, Mr Crittenden the Senators from
Kentuckey, and Mr Southard of New Jersey
came in, and we had some conversation— After dinner I took a walk of
about an hour— A person by the name of Pickering came and enquired if I had a book called the
Theory of the Earth, by a man of New-Hampshire named Ira Hill— I had some recollection of such a
man’s having called upon me some years since, with books, but not with a
theory of the Earth— I asked Mr Pickering to
call again to morrow Morning— Mr Hugh Evans of Baltimore
spent the Evening with us— I had not seen him for several years, and did
not at first recognize him— My first acquaintance with him was in 1822.
when he came here to take Fanny
Johnson, who was half-sister to his wife, with him to Baltimore— Fanny Johnson afterwards
married a young man at
Frederick— Mr Evans is now
here upon a Negotiation with the Postmaster
General Amos Kendall for the transportation of the Mail,
upon the Rail-road— Mr Elliot came here to
make enquiry concerning certain passages in my Eulogy upon James Madison— One of them was that in
which I said that the credit of the acquisition of Louisiana was perhaps
due more to Robert
6Robert R.
Livingston than to any other man— He seemed to think this
was an injustice to the Memory of James
Monroe, and intimated that Mr.
Monroe had left to him an injunction to protect his posthumous fame
against that Hyena John
Armstrong— He brought with him a Certificate of a share in
the Washington library which he said Mr
Monroe had given him, and a fragment of an old Letter from Mr Monroe— Elliot said that Mr Monroe had been exceedingly distrustful of
Edward Livingston, and
appeared to think he was communicating to me a momentous secret, by the
information, that when Mr Monroe arrived at
Havre, the fact was communicated immediately to Napoleon by the Telegraph on the
8th. of April 1803. and that the
Negotiation was first commenced, by a note from Talleyrand to Mr. Livingston upon the 10th. of April— This Elliot supposed was a
full explanation of what I had mentioned in the Eulogy on Madison as an
extraordinary coincidence— I explained to Mr
Elliot, that the co-incidence to which I had alluded there was the
arrival of Mr Monroe in France, precisely at
the time when Napoleon had determined to go to War with Great-Britain;
and that the Telegraph communication to Napoleon, of Mr Monroe’s arrival at Havre was an incident
altogether immaterial, and could add nothing to the merit or service of
Mr Monroe in this Negotiation— I told
him that in the Eulogy upon Mr Monroe I had
given a similar narrative of that transaction, and had taken care to do
him entire Justice. He had never seen my Eulogy upon Mr Monroe, and asked me for a copy of it
which I gave him— He told me that he had a great collection of
Historical Scraps.