John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Houghton Jason
- Adams Charles F.
- His daughter Louisa
- M’Kenney Thomas L
I had devoted the day to the labours which I have assumed and promised
myself large progress in the redemption of arrears in my last volume,
but made very little. Jason
Houghton a tax collector of the town of Milton brought me
a tax bill, County and Town, of 75 cents, upon my 3 Acres of Penny-ferry
Salt-marsh— My Son Charles came
out from Boston with his daughter
and dined with us— I gave him the portion of Coins and medals of which I
had made out the list, but I found that this work was far from being
finished— Immediately after dinner Mr Thomas L. M’Kenney of
Philadelphia came in, and was desirous of seeing the monument and Tombs
of my father and mother in and under the Meeting House—
I went with him, and after a search at five or six different houses
found the key to the cellar, and there after another long search found
the keys of the interior of the house, but not of the vault where my
father and mother lie buried— We went into the Meeting House and Mr M’Kenney read the monumental inscription
upon the marble tablet, at the right hand of the pulpit as you go to it—
Mr M’Kenney asked me for a copy of this
Inscription, written, as the monument itself was erected by me— But as I
take it for granted he will have no recollection of his request
to-morrow, I told him I would send him a copy of it if he desired it— He
saw the monument of Josiah
Quincy the Patriot and of his wife in the burying yard, which led us into that
abode of my fathers and my
Sons— We went all over the yard and he viewed the marble
monument of the Quincys, and the Granite Tombstones, erected by my
father over the remains of his forefathers—Henry Adams, who died in 1647. Joseph Adams Senior who died in 1694.
Joseph Adams junior who died
in 1737 and John Adams Senior, who
died in 1760— The original grave stones of Henry and the two Joseph’s
still remain— The first is a granite stone, in which was inlaid a small
square marble tablet bearing the obituary inscription, but that is
gone—and so it is from every other stone of the same kind in the yard.
about 1680 they began to use the Slate Stones with the Inscriptions cut
into them— They have proved more durable, and those of Joseph Adams
Senior and Abigail Baxter are
still in a state of good preservation at the spot where they were
deposited— But the marble slab inlaid in the granite tomb-stone of Henry
Adams, erected by my father in 1817. is already broken, and there are
some other marks of decay in one of the other tombstones, which will
need to be repaired— The Quincy monument is also somewhat dilapidated—
The marble pedestal is cracked, and one of the corners of the
entablature is 32broken off. The Epitaph written by
me in 1802 is scarcely legible— The frosts of winter contract the
ground, which the excavations to receive the coffins make hollow. In
time, the ground upon the surface caves in; and every Spring the melting
of the frost heaves up the surface, and the burdens upon it— There are
self-planted trees growing out of some of the graves, and these uproot
the grave-stones— The vaults along the sides of the yard, are of modern
invention—within the last twenty-five years, and they are without
epitaphs, or inscription, except in some cases of the mere name— Coll. M’Kenney took some pencil-minutes from
the tombstones— The key of the vault containing the remains of my father
and mother were not to be found— It was about Sunset when Coll. M’Kenney left me to return over
Milton-Hill to Boston— Charles was already gone—and so was my regular
occupation—
