John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
I wrote this morning till Breakfast Time and besides the Diary of
yesterday filled up one page of arrears of the last volume in September
1833— I give myself this for a morning task, through the Summer, if I
can so long hold to my purpose— At ten O’Clock I went with my
grand-child Mary-Louisa, and
Mrs
Wilson to Boston. I left them at the Athenaeum, where
Mr
Durand took a sitting for the Portrait of the child. I
went thence to my Son Charles’s
Office, and returned to him the two papers that he had prepared, on the
Patronage bill which passed the Senate at their last Session and which
are to be published in the Boston Centinel. I made some observations to
him upon the papers, and suggested to him some ideas— But the
composition is entirely his own, and he will prefer that it should so
continue, as it is best that it should. He has opened to himself a
controversy, the result of which it is not easy to foresee; but of which
my hopes anticipate a favourable issue. And all my hopes of futurity in
this world are now centered upon him, and upon his employment of his 19time. I spoke to him also of the collection of
coins and medals which I have given him, and which he is to arrange and
assort and distribute; and to put up in an appropriate desk, with a
descriptive catalogue of them to be made— And I further mentioned to him
my wish to erect a small building of Stone, in which my Library may be
preserved, and my fathers and my own
manuscript books and papers may be kept, at least in some degree secure
from fire— He made some objection to this, intending himself at some
future day to build a House at Quincy, where the Library may be
conveniently kept—but after some conversation with me he appeared to
give up his objection, and will procure a plan and estimates for the
building that I propose— I visited at Governor Armstrong’s, but he was not at home.—at Mr Thomas L
Winthrop’s, and he received me— He read me a Letter from
Colonelr Winthrop I thought his theory hardly warranted by the facts
stated in the Letter—particularly as the working instrument found by the
writer was of stone, shewing the want of iron instruments— But a Temple
of such dimensions surely indicates a populous country and a high degree
of civilization— Mr Winthrop invited me to
dine with him, but I was engaged— I returned to Charles’s House, and at
four O’Clock went with him to Mr Alexander H. Everett’s where
we dined— Mrs Everett and Miss
Everett a niece of theirs who went with them to Spain were
there; and Edward Everett,
Messrs.
N. Hale, B. F. Hallett, Porter, Rockwell, Speaker of the House of Representatives of the
Commonwealth, Thomas of Plymouth, Peabody, Stephen
Whitney and one other Gentleman were the company— Most of
them are members of the Committee of the State Legislature for revising
the Statute Law of the Commonwealth; and they are sitting during the
recess of the General Court— At seven O’Clock I returned with Charles to
his house, and thence with Mary-Louisa and Mrs Wilson home to Quincy. About half the time we came through
a very heavy thunder shower, with a continual glare of Lightening, a
fresh gale and torrents of rain— But we landed all safe just before the
Temple-bell rang nine— The morning had been fair with a promise of a
beautiful day— It clouded up about 3 in the afternoon— The gust came on
suddenly at the dusk of Evening— I met and spoke with judge Hall this day in the Street. Mr Durand came in to Charles’s after our
return there this Evening— He will paint for Charles the Portrait of
Mr.
Brooks.
