John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
At half past four I rose again, and going into the bed-chamber where
my Son lay, found Mr Frye,
closing his eyes— He had just ceased to breathe— May God in his infinite
mercy have received him to the joys of Heaven! Of the day from that time
I have no distinct recollection— In a state between stupefaction, and a
nervous irritation aggravated by the exertion to suppress it, the effort
of my Soul was a deep, and earnest and unceasing supplication to God,
for the Spirit and the will to fulfil all the duties devolving upon me,
by this event; and for the blessing of Almighty God upon this purpose—
Mr Frye, whose devotion to my dear
child, during all his illness has been unbounded, undertook to make all
the necessary arrangements for the funeral— My dear Son had been in a
declining and drooping state of health more than three years— Several
times afflicted with severe and acute disease; often so far recovered as
to be out—able to travel and attend to business but never well— I left
him here on the 5th. of last July with
earnest intreaty that he would come with his family, and spend the
Summer at Quincy— He did make arrangements to go in September, when
first his wife and then himself
were successively taken down with intermittent fevers— His case did not
however present symptoms of danger, till Sunday the 12th. of this Month, from which time, there
has been no rational hope of his recovery— Mrs Frye wrote to my dear
wife to apprize us of his danger on Wednesday the 15th.
Walter Hellen the next day—
Mr
T. B. Johnson the day after, and Mr Frye last Sunday to me— Walter’s Letter was the first
received, and upon the receipt of that I came on— His disease was
rapidly proceeding to its fatal termination—last Friday, being in
perfect possession of his mind, and distinctly foreseeing 427the event, he dictated to Mr
Frye, in the presence of Mrs Good, various dispositions
relating to his property, and his persons— He particularly desired that
his body might be only be deposited here, until it can be transported to
Quincy— Conformably to this desire Mr Frye
applied to Coll. George Bomford the proprietor of Kalorama,
for permission temporarily to deposit the remains in the vault at that
place to which he readily agreed— Mr Frye
wrote notes also to William A
Bradley, P. R.
Fendall
William Ramsay, H. L. Randall, W. W. Seaton and Benjamin O. Tayloe inviting them to
attend the funeral as Pall bearers at 3 O’Clock on Saturday afternoon—
They all accepted, but Mr Bradley who is
obliged to be absent at Baltimore on that day— His brother Joseph H. Bradley was invited in his
place and accepted— Mr Frye applied also to
Mr William
Hawley, Rector of St. John’s
Church, and the Revd. Edward Smith Pastor of the second
Presbyterian Church, requesting them to officiate as Clergymen, at the
interment which both promised to do— I was desirous of inviting also
Mr
Cazneau Palfrey the Pastor of the unitarian church here to
unite in the Solemnities, but on consulting with the two other Clergymen
we thought it most advisable to assign the religious performances only
to them— The ordinary funeral arrangements were referred to the
Undertaker Kripps—and a short obituary notice
was sent to the Offices of the National Intelligencer, the Telegraph and
the Globe— It was published in the Telegraph of this afternoon— I wrote
to my beloved wife, and to my only
surviving Son, communicating to them this heavy
dispensation of the Providence of God. I controuled as far as I was able
the unutterable anguish of my own Soul, endeavouring to sooth the yet
more aggravated affliction of his widowed wife— Reduced and emaciated by
sickness herself, she suffers in body and in mind; above all at her own
inability to render to her beloved and affectionate husband in the
extremes of his last illness the tender attentions and good Offices
which smooth the pillow of death— Johnson
Hellen called here in the course of the day—and William C. Greenleaf— Walter
Hellen went to his mother at
Alexandria, with promise to return tomorrow— Mr and Mrs Frye remained here the whole day, and he will
pass here the Night— He also wrote at my request to my Son Charles.
