John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Quincy Josiah
- Foster James H
- M
rsFoster
Called from my Nursery and Garden by a visit from Mr
Quincy, President of Harvard University— I asked him when it
was proposed to appoint a Professor of Natural History— He said the fund
bequeathed by Dr Fisher had not been received, two of the
Doctor’s relatives being authorised by his Will to retain the use of the
fund, for one year after his decease. I mentioned to him the desire of
Dr
Waterhouse to obtain this appointment, of which he said he
had not been informed— He was apprehensive that Dr Waterhouse would be thought too old— I suppose him to be
about 76. Mr Quincy thought Mr
Nuttall, the curator of the Botanic Garden, must necessarily
be the person chosen, but said Dr Harris now the Librarian had
also been mentioned— Mr Nuttall is now in
Europe, and Mr Quincy had been longer
without hearing from him than he thought proper— He told me also that as
President Jackson is about
visiting Boston, the Corporation of the University had thought it
necessary to invite him to visit the Colleges—that he Mr Quincy should address him in a Latin
Discourse; and confer upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws— And he
intimated that I should receive an invitation to be present at these
ceremonies— I said that the personal Relations in which President
Jackson had chosen to place himself with me were such that I could hold
no intercourse of a friendly character with him— I could therefore not
accept an invitation to attend upon this occasion— And independent of
that, as myself an affectionate child of our alma Mater, I would not be
present to witness her disgrace in conferring her highest Literary
honours upon a barbarian, who could not write a sentence of Grammar, and
hardly could spell his own name. Mr Quincy
said he was sensible how utterly unworthy of Literary honours Jackson
was; but the Corporation thought it was necessary to follow the
precedent, and treat him precisely as Mr
Monroe his Predecessor had been treated— As the People of the United
States had seen fit to make him their President, the Corporation thought
the honours which they conferred upon him were compliments due to the
Station, by whomsoever it was occupied— Mr
Quincy said it was thought also that the omission to shew the same
respect to President Jackson, which had been shewn to Mr Monroe,
would be imputed to party Spirit, which they were anxious to avoid— I
was not satisfied with these reasons, but it is college ratiocination
and College Sentiment— Time serving and Sycophancy are qualities of all
learned and Scientific Institutions— More than 50 years since the
College gave this degree of Doctor of Laws to a Frenchman by the name of
Valnais, about as fit for
it as Andrew Jackson— Valnais was the first French Consul at Boston, and
the People were so tickled with the glory of having a Consul to reside
among them, that Dr. Cooper prevailed upon the then Corporation to
make him a Doctor of Laws. I had some good humoured discussion with Mr Quincy upon this occurrence, but adhered
to my determination to stay at home— Mr
and Mrs Foster were here this
afternoon— They had been to Mr John Greenleaf’s to see
Judge Cranch but he was gone
out.
