John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Duponceau Peter S.
- D’Homergue
- Gibson
- Towson Nathan
- Skinner
Finished the version of the 73d. and began
that of the 74th. Psalm— I called at the
Senate chamber about half an hour before their meeting, and gave
Mr
Silsbee the Letter from the Hedges of Plymouth, and he
promised to use his exertions to get their case provided for, in the
Bill before the Senate— There was a great crowd assembled to hear the
Speech of Mr
Clay; which was continued but not finished— Just before
the time of meeting I went to the House where the day was consumed
chiefly upon private Claims. Mr Evans of Maine made a reply
to the yesterday’s speech of C. C.
Clay, upon Edward
Everett’s Resolution calling for the 5th. Article of the Chickasaw Treaty of 1830—
Then the hour expired— Mr Philemon
Thomas of Louisiana, some days since had moved for a joint
Committee to consider and Report upon the expediency of a centennial
celebration of General George
Washington’s Birth day— I asked Thomas to strike out the
word General to which he consented. Adair proposed to insert the words Major-General, but
withdrew his motion. Other formal amendments were made and the
Resolution was adopted— The Committee on the part of the House is to
consist of one member from each State— Mr Whittlesey of Ohio,
Chairman of the Committee of Claims reported a joint Resolution to
authorise the payments upon sundry contracts of the Commissioners of the
Navy-Board, suspended by an opinion of the Attorney-General. Mr Whittlesey in his Report had made one
mistake with regard to the contract of Newcomb, Richards, and
Bryant, which he stated to be still in
progress; but which I told him had been completed— He promised if he
should find it so, to amend the report before it would be printed. There
was no opposition to the Resolution which was read three times and
passed— Three private Bills were considered in Committee of the whole,
Wickliffe in the Chair—
Two of them went through the Committee of the whole one with an
Amendment— The third was the Bill for the relief of Mrs Susan
Decatur—which was postponed till next Friday. Sutherland came to me, and said he
wished to introduce some provision for the M’Knights, Decatur’s collateral Relations—and
told me that Dr.
Harvey Klapp, Ann
M’Knight’s husband was dead, which I had seen in the
newspapers— Carson came to me,
and said he hoped I should assist 366him in carrying through the Bill for Mrs Decatur— I said I would assist him at
least with my vote— Mr Wayne of Georgia laid on my Table a pamphlet
being a Report of a Committee of the Georgia Legislature, upon the
imprisonment of the Missionaries to the Indians— The House adjourned
before 3. I went in to the Library, and took out the first Volume of
Smith’s Wealth of Nations— Rode
home— After dinner Coll Towson and Mr Skinner informed me
that the Board of Directors of Columbia College had chosen me to be one
of their members— I expressed my thanks for the offer but declined
accepting it from a consciousness of being unable to discharge its
duties. They asked me not to decline positively but to take it into
consideration which I promised I would— Coll. Howard, the member
of the House from Baltimore, had introduced to me this Morning at the
door of the House, a Mr
Gibson of that place an importing merchant who wished to
have some conversation with me— I appointed 7. O’Clock this Evening to
see him, and he came. Mr Du Ponceau and Mr
D’Homergue were here, at the
same time— Mr Gibson complained of the
frauds practiced upon the Revenue in the importation of Woollens—and
said he had a partner in England, who had informed him frequently of the
devices resorted to there by exporters for that purpose— The complaints
are much the same as were those of Mr Schenk from New-York— Mr Gibson is to return to-morrow to
Baltimore, and at my request promised to write to me, and to send me
extracts from his partners Letters— Mr. Du
Ponceau had sent as a present to Mrs Adams a piece of silk
of American production manufactured in England—for a gown— At the motion
of Genl.
Root, Chairman of the Committee of Agriculture, next
Tuesday week had this day been appointed as a special order to consider
the Bill for Silk-reeling School reported by him— Mr Duponceau remains here till the decision
upon that Bill.
