John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Pinistri
- Doup
- Johnson. Francis
- Willis.
An Italian by the name of Pinistri came with a plan for improving the Hall of the
House of Representatives, so that the Speakers may be more easily heard.
He said Mr
Verplanck was Chairman of a Committee to which his
memorial had at the last Session of Congress been referred— I told him
he must then go to Mr Verplanck again— He
said that would be of no avail that Mr
Verplanck had nothing to say against the plan, but that he thought it
would cost too much— I said he must reason with Mr Verplanck and convince him that it would not— I returned to
Mr Doup his
Indenture which I had examined, and could find no claim of title to the
descendants of Dillon, unless by a reversion
as heirs of the grantee John
Blunden. He said Mr. Lawless of Missouri knew
the land described in the Indenture, and said that it was whole square
in the City of Kilkenny, covered with dwelling houses, and certainly
worth several hundred thousands of dollars— He said what had first
called the attention of his relatives to the subject was that a
Gentleman, who came a year or two since from Ireland had said that it
was understood there that the heirs to this Estate were in America— He
then asked my advice what they should do—observing that the persons who
would be benefited by the recovery of the property, if it could be
recovered, had met with misfortunes, and were in straitened
circumstances— I told him I could not upon the conveyance and the facts
as he had submitted them to me, recommend to the parties interested, any
measure which would involve expence— They might perhaps by a
Correspondence in Ireland, ascertain more of the present state of the
property and they might see if they could trace the lineage down
regularly to the claimant— These were the first things to be done and
the result of them might lead to the expediency of them doing something
more— Mr Doup asked me, what was my charge
for my advice—and upon my answering, nothing; expressed himself as very
grateful for it— I attended the Commencement of the Columbian College,
at Dr
Post’s Church— I found them already in the church at half
past ten, and gave to President
Chapin while in the pulpit the Letter for him which I
received last Evening from George
Sullivan— I explained also the error in which I had been
that his Son still retained the name of Sullivan— His name is now
George, Richard, James
Bowdoin. The President promised that the degree should be
conferred accordingly. 330I remained until the
performances of the Candidates for degrees were completed but could not
wait to witness the conferring of the degrees— It was past twelve when I
left the Church and I found the house had been in Session about half an
hour— The turn of the members from Massachusetts for presenting
Petitions was passed, but after the States and Territories had been all
called I found an opportunity to present the Petition from sundry
inhabitants of Scituate and the neighbouring Towns, for the improvement
of North-river; which at my motion was referred to the Committee on
internal improvement. Mr Everett invited me to attend
at his lodgings this Evening a small Meeting of friends to consider the
question with regard to the Modification of the Tariff— I had some
conversation, with Mr C. F. Mercer on the same Subject; and
intimated to him a wish that there might be about five Millions of
Revenue reserved, annually for specific purposes of internal
improvement. He said that he should be entirely in favour of it, but
thought it doubtful whether it could be carried through— I have the same
doubts perhaps in higher degree— Mr Francis Johnson of Kentucky
with a Mr Willis
called upon me this afternoon— The were members of the late Baltimore
President-making Convention. At seven in the Evening I went to Mr Everett’s lodgings, and there met Messrs.
Appleton, I. C. Bates, L. Condict, Dearborn, Ellsworth, Evans of Maine, Holmes, Huntington, Jenifer, Letcher, Pendleton, Tracy
John W. Taylor, Whittlesey of Ohio, and one other—
Much conversation ensued, with regard to the course to be taken by the
friends of domestic Industry— It resulted in an Agreement to hold
another and larger Meeting next Monday Evening, and in the meantime a
Committee not to be confined to the members of the present Meeting, to
be appointed by the Chairman, Taylor, to report an opinion for
discussion as to what further is to be done— I came home about ten— My
Son John’s
youngest child is much
recovered; but the eldest is very
unwell.
