John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Burrows. Silas E.
- Vaughan Charles R.
Morning walk round the Capitol Square. I received visits from Mr
Burrows of New-York, and from Mr
Vaughan the British Minister. Burrows told me that he came
here to see if he could not prevail upon Congress to pass the bill now
before them in favour of Mr Monroe— Ten or eleven years
ago, Burrows being then barely of age, was employed I believe as a
bearer of despatches to Sweden. I heard nothing of him from that time
till some two or three years since the Newspapers gave notice, that Mr Burrows had generously lent a thousand
dollars to Mr Monroe, to enable him with his
family to visit his daughter at
New-York. About four Months since, the Corvette which Baron Krudener had purchased for the
Emperor of Russia, having sailed
from New-York with the Baron on board was overtaken by a Gale or
Hurricane, which made her a perfect wreck. In this condition, she was
picked up, by a vessel belonging to Mr
Burrows and brought 73back to New-York. For the
Service rendered on that occasion Mr Burrows
declined receiving any compensation—in consequence of which, by the
direction of the President, a
Letter was written to Mr Burrows by Mr Van
Buren presenting to him the thanks of the Government of
the United States for this signal instance of humanity and disinterested
magnanimity— Mr Burrows said it was well
known he was for Mr Clay for next President of the United States,
and he fully believed the whole electoral vote of the State of New-York
would be for Clay— That on his arrival here he immediately received an
invitation to a private dinner at the Presidents and had dined with him
yesterday— That he was to dine this day with Mr Van Buren; who had also sent him a card of invitation from
Mr Vaughan to his Ball to-morrow, and
Mrs Van Buren had invited him to go with
him in his Carriage— But he was not to be bought, and he had expressed
his Sentiments so freely to the President that he told him he was the
most Independent man he had seen since he was President— Last week
Captain Law the Collector of
the Port of New London was removed and a man from New-Hampshire
appointed in his place— Burrows said he had told the President it was
the most unpopular act he had ever done— That Law was a man of most
respectable character; universally beloved, an old Revolutionary
Officer, and one of the very few survivors from the old Jersey Prison
ship— The President told him that he had been prevailed upon to remove
Captain Law, at the unanimous and earnest representations of all the
friends of the Administration in New Hampshire but that he would give
him another Office better than the one he had taken from him. Burrows
spoke of a line of communication which he had established by regular
packets from New-York to Carthagena. From thence to Chagres, and thence
across the Isthmus to Panama— Also of his having volunteered to give
bond for Samuel Swartwout,
when he was appointed Collector, at New-York, and could not otherwise
have made up the amount of bonds required by Law; and could not have
held the Office. Swartwout had refused to remove any of the friends of
the last Administration from their places in the Custom house, and last
week was attacked for this forbearance in Mr
Van Burens paper the New-York Courier and Enquirer. He wished me to
speak to J. W. Taylor in behalf of
Mr Monroe, which I promised to do, and
said he had persuaded Mr Mallary of Vermont to
support the Bill—but that the great difficulty was with the members from
Virginia— Mr Vaughan brought a couple of
Vials of black drops which he had received from England— I returned the
visits of Mr
J. D. Dickinson and B. O.
Tayloe, of J. W. Taylor and Vance—Matthew L.
Davis and Gouverneur; only the last of whom I found at his
lodgings— With him were Marshal
Ringgold
Mr Ward
formerly a member of Congress from the State of New York, and also a
member elect of the next Congress from the District of Sleepy Hollow as
he said— There was also a Mr Magennis from Missouri, one
of the witnesses on the trial now before the Senate of judge Peck, and as I perceived a
willing witness against him— I called at the shop of W. J. Stone the Engraver to enquire
concerning a copper-plate which I wish to have engraved. He shewed me a
number of complicated machines of his own invention, for the exercise of
his art as an Engraver; also collections of precious Stones and of
Minerals which he said he had imported from Heidelberg in Germany; all
proving his ingenuity, and his turn to philosophical enquiries— Stone is
an English Artist, whom I employed much, while I was in the 74department of State, and who engraved the fac-simile of
the Declaration of Independence— With Mrs
Adams I attended this Evening a Concert by Mrs Knight, at the
Unitarian Church— She sang “Comfort ye my People”—and “Angels ever
bright and fair”—remarkably well— Mrs Franklin’s “Let the bright
Seraphim” was less succesful— The company was very thin—not exceeding 30
persons.
