John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Adams Thomas B
At the mount Wollaston farm, I planted with Chesnuts, Shagbarks and
Acorns, the fourth side of the border round my projected Orchard, in
five rows; which occupied Salmon
Farrar, Alpheus
Spear, his Son Charles Adams
Spear, and me, great part of the morning. Some seeds of
the Button wood, were also planted at Spear’s request— Read the Clock mender was there— I was short of
Shagbarks, and called at Briesler’s shop for a new supply— Of a Barrell that he
had, not more than a Pint and a half would sink in Water— Yet they have
been kept in an open Barrell in a shop where there is no fire— This
confirms all my preceding experience that these three kinds of seeds can
be safely kept for planting only by covering them with damp earth or
sand— My Acorns this day planted were those which I last gathered:
probably too late in the Season— I attempt to keep, in damp sand, and
earth a few Chesnuts and Shagbarks, to plant in the Spring— I came home
to dinner, and returned to lay out the ground for the Orchard— Lemuel Spear was then there; with his
brother— Measuring from the Eastern border, at the distances of two Rods
each we marked the places for ten Trees, fronting the Road— Then
Northward in a line parallel to the Eastern Border over fifteen furrows
included within the Square places for 150 trees.— There was left on the
Western side within the border space for four shortened rows, North and
South, of 13. 11. 9. and 7. trees—say forty, and two short rows fronting
the road, with 4. and 1.—whole number 195 trees— I proposed to Alpheus
Spear to pick out for me at Mr Capen’s, twenty-five trees,
for the alternate places on the outer rows of the Square, thinking that
if he picked them himself he would have a personal impulse to tend them
more carefully, but he declined choosing the trees, and said his brother
Lemuel understood more about trees than he did.— I told them I should
put pumice in the places of the alternate stands, to raise the Stocks
from the Seed— Lemuel thought it would be less trouble to plant the
pumice in a row, and transplant the trees after they should come up; but
I want to have the trees stand for life, where they shall come up—and I
propose to set out a part of these trees at this Season, and the rest in
the Spring; to observe which of them will thrive best— My brother was here before dinner. The
Newspaper of this Evening, brought the last returns of the Congressional
Election for the District of Plymouth. Twenty-two Towns gave 2565 votes,
of which 1817 were for John Quincy Adams, 373 for Arad Thompson (Jacksonite) 279 for
William Baylies (federal,)
and 96 scattering votes— The authentic returns will perhaps make some
slight difference in the number of votes, but can make none in the
result— I am a member elect of the twenty-second Congress.
