John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Brent— Daniel
- Southard— Samuel L
- Clay— Henry
- Bailey— John
- Otis of Barnstable
- Another
- Tingey— Thomas
- Williams Eleazar
- Hamilton
- Monroe— James
- Nourse— Charles J
- Taylor William
By way of variety we rode this morning through Georgetown to the little
Falls Bridge; but the road is bad, and though along the margin of the
river less pleasant than that by the race ground— Mr Brent
from the Department of State came for the Letter of Captain Fournier, of the Buenos Ayrean Cruizer Juncal
seized at Baltimore for slave trading and piratical acts; the Captain’s
Secretary being in attendance for an answer— There is also a Letter from
D. B. Ogden at New-York, as
Captain Fournier’s Counsel, upon this subject— Mr
Southard and Mr Clay were here together—
Mr Southard brought and left with me the
draft of his answer to the Letter of General Scott; declining to arrest and bring to trial by
Court Martial General Macomb,
or General Scott himself, and directing him at the expiration of his
furlough to repair to his post— Mr Clay
spoke of the Report upon the expenditures of secret Service money which
he had left with me, and which he wishes to have published in the
Newspapers— I had some doubts of the expediency of that measure, as
being altogether unusual and novel, and as likely to attract public
notice to that part of the Report of the Retrenchment Committee giving
it an importance which it would not otherwise possess— Mr Clay and Mr
Southard thought it was an exposition necessary to counteract the use
which would be made of the misrepresentations in the Report at the
Western popular Elections— I kept the paper for further consideration—
Mr Clay mentioned the wish of Mr
Rumpff, the Minister from the Hanseatic Cities, to add an
Article to the Convention, the Ratifications of which were to be this
day exchanged; to which I agreed— And I fixed Wednesday next One
O’Clock, to receive Mr Rumpff in Audience to
take leave— Mr
Bailey of Massachusetts introduced to me a Mr Otis of
Barnstable, who has been here several months, and with whom there was
another person whose name was not mentioned— Commodore Tingey called to pay me a
visit: he mentioned that the Congress frigate was here at the Navy yard,
and might be got ready for Sea in six weeks time. Eleazar Williams the half breed
Seneca Indian preacher came and was in great concern to find that the
Senate had not finally acted upon the Treaty under which those in
New-York were to remove to Michigan— He said the greater part of them
were now disposed to go and he did not know when the opportunity would
again occur— He was in great perplexity, and asked my advice what should
be done— I said that with regard to the Treaty, nothing could be done
but to wait till the next Session of Congress, and the Senate would
probably then decide upon it; and with regard to the exchange of the
Indian Agents at Green Bay, and Michillimackinac, which he 562again earnestly urged— I told him I must consult with the
new Secretary of War General
Porter when he should arrive— Major Hamilton came to renew his
application for an appointment, and to ask the return of his papers of
recommendation which I told him I would have looked up and give to him
to morrow— Mr
Monroe called here about one O’Clock with Mr Southard, and about an hour afterwards I
went with Mrs Adams and visited him and Mrs
Monroe, at Marshal
Ringgold’s; we found there Mr M’lean the Postmaster
General, and Mr
G. Graham the Commissioner of the Land Office, who had
been out with the Marshal to meet Mr Monroe,
but missed him— Coll Roberdeau was also there— Mr Monroe declined the invitation to dine and
lodge with us. He looks very little altered since I last saw him in
August 1825. Mrs Monroe is much out of
health and reduced— Major
Nourse, chief Clerk of the War Department brought a Letter
from T. L. M’Kenney to the
Secretary of War, mentioning that Mr Owen the member of the House
of Representatives from Alabama, had offered himself as Commissioner to
treat with the Choctaw Indians for some small reservations of land
wanted for the State of Alabama, and would ask no compensation; but only
the payment of his expenses— I declined appointing Mr Owen as Commissioner, because he was a
member of Congress— Mr Frye left with me a paper
written by Samuel Chase the judge
of the Orphans Court requiring vouchers for the payments made by me for
Thomas J. Hellen: which he
states are necessary for the Settlement of Mr Frye’s Accounts as his guardian— William Taylor, Consul at Vera-Cruz
came and took leave, going to-morrow Northward as far as Boston— He
expressed himself grateful for the favours he had received from the
Government, and requested if a favourable opportunity should present
itself that he might be transferred to any Consulate in Europe, more
profitable than that of Vera-Cruz. I visited the garden after dinner,
and found no new vegetation, but was soon driven by the rain back to the
House—
