John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Johnson. Ariana F.
- Todsen— George P.
- Borland
- Roberdeau— Isaac
- Montandon
- Hunter
- Reynolds
- Derrick William S
- Wyer Edward
- Fillebrown Thomas
- Watts Beaufort T
Finding it necessary to intermit my morning ride, I took a Boat-bath in
the Potowmack, and swam 22 minutes with less fatigue than I had suffered
on Monday with fifteen— Visited the Garden on returning from the bath—
The Nursery before and the Yard after dinner— In the Eastern Seminary,
the tallest of my plumtrees is 2 feet high. The Peach trees 22 inches.
The Apple 14 inches— One of the Coffee kernels is bursting into a green
leaf— In the Southern Seminary, the wild Cherry trees, Althaea’s and
Catalpa’s of last year flourish luxuriantly— The Cherry trees, are some
of them three feet high— The walnut trees of the last year spend their
vigour in lateral twigs, and broad foliage— The main stem not rising at
all— I see in the Nursery one new unknown plant, and a very small shoot
opens in Seedling box N. 4. in the house— There are still 20 unpromising
Oaks in the yard—perhaps as many have been trampled down by the Cattle.
Mrs.
Johnson came to solicit my influence with the Secretary of the Navy, to obtain a
Clerkship in that Department now vacant— Dr Todsen came to thank
me for the appointment of physician to the Indian travelling deputation,
and to claim some additional compensation for his expedition to the
African Colony. He left a paper with me to that effect, but I told him
he must apply to the Secretary of the Navy— Coll.
Roberdeau called with Mr Montandon, and are to come
again at ten to-morrow. Borland the Carpenter had been here, and could not be
ready 574with the plank before to-morrow— Mr Hunter brought me
from the Commissioner of the Public Buildings, Elgar, an abstract of the Act of
Congress of 5 July 1812. authorizing the President of the United States,
to lease the reserved Lands in the City of Washington, for a term not
exceeding ten years, to improve the grounds for public walks, botanic
gardens or other public purposes— I told Mr
Hunter, I should consider his School or Academy as a public purpose
within the purview of the Act, and would inform him of the Conditions of
the lease if he would call again next Monday— Mr
Reynolds the projector of an Expedition to the South Pole
was here— A Bill for that purpose was reported by the Naval Committee to
the House of Representatives at their last Session, but the House could
not reach it in Season— A Resolution of the House did pass however
recommending that one of the Public Vessels should be employed on an
exploring Expedition to the South-Sea— Reynolds says that a Merchant
brig, will be sent with her upon Speculation— Mr
Derrick brought me the draft of a Letter from Mr Clay, to
the British Minister Vaughan,
in answer to his application for Northeastern boundary documents which I
approved— Edward Wyer came
gossiping for an hour. Mr Fillebrown of the Navy
Department told me he had heard Thomas
Scott of the State of Ohio, was an applicant for an
Office—and he came to tell me that this Scott was a swindler, and had
bilked his bail in this City of whom Fillebrown himself was one— I told
him I should not be in haste to confer an Office upon Mr Scott— He shewed me a Letter from the
Postmaster at
Chillicothe, informing him that Scott had not taken from the Office,
Fillebrown’s Letter to him, calling upon him to justify his bail—
Mr
Watts now Secretary to the Legation at St. Petersburg, came to thank me for the
appointment, and to take leave— Going to-morrow to embark at New-York— I
returned him the Medals he had left with me. I signed Blank Patents 46
single, 20 double and 20 for foreigners. Also 5 Commissions. Reading
Evelyn’s Silva.
