John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Thompson Wiley
- Brook
- Another
- Robertson James j
r - Allen William H
- Bull of Ohio
- of Tennessee
- Green
- Archer— William S
- Barbour James
- Cutts. Richard
- Hull. Isaac
- Harbison. M
rsMassy - Whittlesey— Elisha
Mr
Thompson, a member of the House of Representatives from
Georgia, introduced two of his Constituents, one of them named, I think,
Brook; the other, I did not retain— Mr Thompson has a hectic cough, from which he
says he does not expect to recover— Mr Robertson the Collector at
Petersburg, Virginia, was here, and W. H.
Allen of Florida, with a Mr Bull of Ohio. One of the
members from Tennessee, perhaps Mr Blair, introduced a man from
that State, by the name of Green— Mr
Archer, member of the House from Virginia, came to speak of
the appointment of Major General, and of his friend and constituent
General Scott— He said that
although younger than the General, he had been his Schoolmate and was
his friend— He had felt it due to him, to enquire whether any measure on
the part of his friends would be necessary to present the merits of his
claim to promotion— I said that for the present, there would not— That
General Gaines had been here
in person to urge his claims. I had told him, that if I should
ultimately come to decide between him, and General Scott, I should not
make up my mind against the Latter, without giving him the same
opportunity of representing his claims, personally or in writing— But
there were other competitors for the Office; in and out of the Army—and
there were propositions before both Houses of Congress for abolishing
the place altogether— Until they should be disposed of, I should make no
nomination; and if the Office should be retained, the question will not
be decided without long discussion, nor within time to deprive General
Scott of the opportunity to say all that he may wish in support of his
own pretensions— Mr Archer said he had
expected this would be my course and was satisfied with it. Mr
Whittlesey, a member of the House from Ohio, came to
enquire concerning the case of Robert
Eaton, an old petitioner for the remission of penalty; but
the papers relating to it could not immediately be found. Governor Barbour called and spoke of
his Report to the House of Representatives, in answer to a call,
concerning the appointment of Cadets—from which it appears that Mr Calhoun
while Secretary of War had made appointments not only for the year
1825—all to take effect after he left the Department; but for the years
1826, 1827, and one for the year 1828. and this is the president of the
Senate, who declines calling to order a drunken ribald, of a member, for
want of authority, and the political puritan, who proposes to the deaf
and dumb, to define the distinction between power and right. I asked
Governor Barbour about the pettish Resolution offered yesterday by
Wickliffe, to the House.
He said that the papers called for by the Resolution of 19. December
1826 had been all prepared, and ready to be sent as long since as the
close of the last Session of Congress— But that from inadvertence the
Resolution had not been recollected at this Session, and that was the
only reason why they had not been sent— Mr Cutts the second
Comptroller called with a budget of Accounts, of Indian Agents, which he
thought exceptionable— There was one particularly of John Crowell, the Agent with the
Creeks, in which were numerous and somewhat heavy charges, all
recommended for allowance by M’Kenney; but which Mr Cutts
thought inadmissible, and which Cutts said were not warranted by any
usage. He repeatedly stated that these Indian contingencies were the
only accounts upon which the Administration would be vulnerable; and
they would be so, if M’Kenney should be allowed his range unchecked— He
was traceable every-where, and no where responsible— I disliked myself
the appearance of the charges to which he objected advised him to remain
firm to his duty; and requested him to make out in writing a Statement
of all the points upon which he thought a controul of the expenditures
was necessary. He promised that he would. Mrs Massy Harbison,
announced herself as the widow of a Soldier in General St. Clair’s army, when he was
defeated by the Indians in November 1791— She has published a small book
containing an account of her sufferings from Indian captivity after that
Disaster, and the murder by the Savages of two of her infant children
before her face— She said her husband had a pension, from 454the United States, till his death, a few years since, and
that she had come here with the hope of obtaining some assistance from
the Government, or at least some aid from individuals by the sale of her
book— She had a wish to see Mrs Adams, who was now too
unwell to receive her; but who I said if she would call again some day
next week, would if well enough, gladly see her— Commodore Hull was also here—he came from
Philadelphia with Mr
H. Allen, and having now a project to go and pass a year
or two in Europe, hinted to me a wish to be employed by the Government
to visit the naval Arsenals there.
