John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Elgar— Joseph
- Silsbee— Nathan
l - Maury— Richard
- Slade— William j
r - Dickins. Asbury
- Bateman— Ephraim
- Forward— Chauncey
- Clark— Satterlee
- Hellen— Thomas J.
Stopped in my morning walk at C. B.
King’s and sat to Mr. Harding and Mr
Greenough at the same time— The first for a Portrait, the
second for a Bust—promised them another sitting Saturday Morning. I sent
for Mr
Elgar the Commissioner of the Public Buildings, and spoke
of an application of Houston for the
purchase of a certain Lot of the public Land in this City, for which he
makes what Elgar considers a fair offer, but Robert King has a claim upon the land, for services which
he alledges to have rendered heretofore as a Surveyor to the value of
500 dollars, and for which he appeals to a verbal promise of a former
City Commissioner of this same land— Elgar says that his predecessor
Lane, refused to acknowledge
this claim, and that he cannot acknowledge it unless by direction from
me— I desired him to see Mr King and require
him to present a Statement of his claim in writing— Mr
Silsbee came with papers from J.
A. Bates, reviewing his claim for an appointment as a
purser in the Navy, and his complaints of injustice from the Navy
Department, in not giving him the appointment before— I took the papers,
and told Mr Silsbee that Bates’s complaints
were founded upon inadmissible pretension and misrepresentations—
Mr
Maury came from the Navy Department with a Commission for
one of the Lieutenants recently appointed, which I signed— He afterwards
sent me two others. Mr Slade from the Department of State, came with
the ratifications of the three Conventions, concluded by Mr
Gallatin, with Great-Britain 1. The Commercial Convention
of 6. August 1827. 2. The North-western Boundary Convention also of 6.
August 1827. and 3. The North-eastern boundary Convention of 29.
November 1827. which I signed— They are to be sent to England by a young
Mr
Blunt as a special messenger— Mr
Dickins, Secretary to the Columbian Institute, brought me
to examine Designs for a Seal and Diploma, for that Society, well drawn,
and which suggesting some alterations I approved. They have not adopted
the device I had proposed for a Seal, but propose in its stead a hissing
rattlesnake coiled round a book; to which I object as odious imagery;
and instead of the classical motto from Horace Lucent Sidera Nautis, with the Ship; they have
discarded the Ship, and substituted for the motto Favent Astra; which I
disapproved, as an idea borrowed from the false Science of judicial
Astrology, and therefore inappropriate to an Institution for the
promotion of true Science— On this as on the former occasion of the
Pediment to the Capitol, I observe the extreme diversities in the
Sentiments of learned and ingenious men, upon matters of taste and
invention— My device for the Seal, and motto were in my own self-conceit
ingenious, classical elegant and appropriate—but no one thought them so,
except myself; and they have taken in its stead a Serpent Sibilant,
which would be an excellent emblem for the House of Representatives at
this time, but is in my judgment a very absurd one for a learned and
literary Institute; and instead of the Stars of Horace, illuminating the
Mariner’s Night, they have the Stars of judicial astrology, favouring
the deadly venom of the Rattlesnake— Mr
Dickins also gave me some seeds of two or three plants which he has
received since the Circular of the Institute was sent out a variety of
Lettuce from Alabama, and the Turpentine weed— Mr
Bateman, the Senator, and Mr Forward of the House
of Representatives, of the Committee of enrolled Bills, brought me two
short Bills which I signed— Satterlee
Clark called for the decision upon his case, and his
papers; which had been sent to the War Department— Thomas J. Hellen dined with us.
Johnson and Mary are yet both confined to their
chambers—
