John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Este.
- Kane— Elias B.
- Stansbury
- Marvin Dudley
- Sloane John
- Clay— Henry
- Krudener. Baron
- Tucker— George
- Garnsey Daniel G.
- Williams
- Jemison
Having purchased a copy of Rees’s
Cyclopaedia, the American Edition, I sent for Mr Este the Book binder, and
gave him a direction for binding them— They were published in Numbers,
somewhat confusedly: 87 Livraisons in the whole— Four of which are
collections of Plates, Lettered A. B. C. and D. and the rest forming
forty one Volumes, each in two Parts, and the 83d. part containing the Title pages to all the Volumes, the
Preface, and Indexes of References to the Plates. Many of these were
published also with each separate number, and the whole constitute Six
Volumes. The whole work is therefore in 47— Mr Kane, a Senator from
Illinois, came with Mr
Stansbury whose object was to apply for a vacant Indian
subagency for his Son— Mr Marvin,
member of the House came to enquire concerning the Petition and papers
of a man named Sheldon, imprisoned in the
Western part of New-York for debt to the United States— Mr Sloane,
Member from Ohio, called to recommend the final fixation of the Land
Office at Tiffin— At one O’Clock Mr Clay came and introduced
Baron Krudener, the Russian
Minister, who delivered to me a Letter in Russian with a French
Translation, from the Emperor
Nicholas, announcing the birth, on the 9th (21st) of
September of a Grand Duke named Constantine— On presenting the Letter the Baron said it
had been despatched under a persuasion that the information of an Event
so interesting as well to the domestic happiness of the Emperor, as to
the stability of his Government. I answered by assuring him of the
pleasure with which I received this communication— I added that the
Government of the United States took a deep and cordial interest in
every thing that affected the happiness of the Emperor, as well in his
family, as in the affairs of his People, and that they judged no Event
could more auspiciously contribute to this effect, than this accession
to the Imperial family; none could therefore be more gratifying to them—
He said he Should take the highest satisfaction in transmitting to his
Government these Assurances— I then asked him how he found this climate
agree with his health— He answered well; and said he would encourage
himself in the expectation that it would so continue, notwithstanding
the warnings that he had received—and they were many— He lamented that
his hearing had so much suffered, as to deprive him of much
satisfaction, and of the means of making himself so agreeable as he
would desire— He comes with numerous testimonials, to the pleasantness
of his character, and goodness of 388his
disposition— Mr
George Tucker called to take leave—being about to return
to his duty as a Professor at the University of Virginia. He spoke of
two recent works, of which he acknowledged himself to be the other—one a
novel called the Valley of the Shenandoah, which he said he had written
in two Months; and the other a Voyage to the Moon— Of which his
publisher P. Thompson, had by his
direction sent me a Copy. But I had not known from whom it came; nor
that he was the author of it. He said his object in the Valley of the
Shenandoah was to paint the manners of that part of Virginia— That no
notice of the Book had been taken in this Country, not so much as in a
Newspaper— That he had therefore been the more gratified on learning
that a translation of it had been published in France— Mr
Garnsey, Member of the House of Representatives from
New-York, came with the Revd. Eleazar Williams from
Green-Bay, and Dr
Jemison, both half breed and educated Indians of the
Seneca tribe— Mr Williams brought a Letter
from Mrs
Boyd to Mrs. Adams; and a Letter of
earnest recommendation to me, from Bishop
Hobart— They came to repeat and renew the remonstrance by
the Seneca Indians against the Treaty of the last Summer with the
Winebago Indians, who they insist have now ceded to the United States,
the same Lands which they had already Sold, to them. I referred them
upon this, to the Secretary of
War. Jemison brought me a Letter introductory from
Mr
Southard. He is a candidate for an appointment of
Assistant Surgeon in the Navy— We had our weekly dinner party— Philip P. and
Mrs Barbour and their two
daughters, John
Barney, David
Barton, Thomas
H. Blake, William L and Mrs Brent, John H. Bryan,
William Creighton junr., Thomas W. Cobb, William
Drayton, Henry W.
Dwight, Jacob C.
Isacks, Richard
Keese, Joseph
Lawrence, Isaac
Leffler, John
Maynard, Alfred H.
Powell, Benjamin
Ruggles, Horatio
Seymour, Peleg
Sprague John B.
Sterigere, Henry W. and Mrs
Storrs, Joseph M. and Mrs
White and Miss Perry, Charles A. Wickliffe,
Levi
and Mrs Woodbury; with seven
in the family 36 at table. I sent yesterday the Message N. 3. to
Congress with the annual Report of the Commissioner of the Public
Buildings; and this day Message N. 11 to the Senate, and Correspondence
with the British Government concerning Light Houses in the Gulph of
Mexico.
