John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Van Rensselaer. Stephen
- Butler— Joseph
- Fürst— Moritz
- White. Joseph M.
- Brackenridge H. M.
- Williams— Eleazar
- Beard
- Rodgers— John
- Pinkney Edward
- Roberdeau Isaac
- Geddes
- Roberts
- Garnsey Daniel G
- Jemison
- M’lean John
- Sparks Jared
- Tyler— Benjamin O.
- Lyford.
- Blunt. Joseph
- Barbour— James.
- Clay— Henry
General Van Rensselaer
came again to urge the appointment of John
Duer, as Attorney of the United States for the Southern
District of New-York— He read me a Letter from Ogden Edwards to Duer, dated in
September last, and encouraging Duer to make interest for himself by
declaring a probability that he, would not apply
for the office; preferring on the whole that which he holds of a State
Judge— Joseph Butler brought me
at last a petition for the discharge from prison of his brother Samuel; with the recommendation of
Judges Cranch and Morsell, and of the District Attorney Swann, who had
resisted before, and says he signs the recommendation reluctantly now— I
signed the order for his discharge. Mr Fürst the Medalist,
requested me to lend him the Portrait of my
father, last painted by Stewart, for him to make from it the Die of a Medal. I
dissuaded him from it, by saying that there was in this Country so
little taste for Medals, that it would certainly be an unprofitable
labour to him— He said he did not expect profit from it— But the
Portrait was so admirable as a Representation of Old Age, that he wished
to try the efficacy of his own Art in exhibiting the same thing. He
would work upon it at his leisure; and without regard to or expectation
of profit. I told him he should then have the Portrait; on condition of
taking care that it shall receive no damage. He said he should want it
for several months— Mr White the delegate from Florida, and Judge Brackenridge called
together the Judge is returning, from Philadelphia to Pensacola. I
invited them to this day’s dinner and they came— The Revd. Mr Williams, with Beard the Oneida Chief, and Dr Jemison, all half
breed Indians came to take leave. Beard and Jemison are returning to
New-York— Jemison came with Mr Garnsey, the member of the
House from the District where the remnant of the six Nations yet abide—
Commodore Rodgers came with
Edward Pinkney, who is here
from Baltimore, to prevail upon his brother Charles to go back there with him—
He came to me to enquire if I could do any thing to save him— He has
fallen into habits of intemperance. A young man of admirable parts; of
quick perception, of great ingenuity and of elegant accomplishments,
lost by this fatal propensity— I told his brother that I had done, and
would yet do every thing for Charles that I could consistently with my
own duties— That his place as Secretary of 404the
Legation to Russia, had not been filled though he had been now nearly
six months, in this Country— That he had no intention of returning to
Russia, as he informed me that his physician had told him he would
certainly lose his life if he should remain in that climate— That I had
within a few days for the first time received a Letter from Mr
Middleton, concerning him, and speaking of him in the most
delicate and friendly manner— That the appointment of a Secretary to
that Mission could not be long delayed, and that the possibility of
bestowing any other appointment upon Charles Pinkney must depend upon
his recovering entirely from his present habits— He asked if he might
say this to his brother— I said certainly— He might assure him that
nothing could be done for him while he gave himself up to such
indulgences— Edward was anxious to be authorised to give him
encouragement in the event of his reformation— I said I could give no
expectations unless in the event of a total change of his habits, and I
feared they were too deeply seated— Coll. Roberdeau
introduced Mr
Geddes and Mr Roberts who are employed on
the Surveys for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal— He called a second time
after having taken a Meridian observation with Mr W.
Elliot— Mr M’lean the Postmaster
General, called and took the papers relating to the appointments of
Postmasters at Washington Pennsylvania, and at Utica New-York. He has
appointed Mr
Henderson at Washington, and I recommended to him Mr James
Platt at Utica— He assented, but said it would occasion
some clamour. Mr. Sparks came to take leave—being about to
return to Boston, and intending to embark on the first of March for
Europe— Mr
Tyler called with Mr. Lyford who keeps the
reading room at Norfolk. Mr Blunt came to renew his
solicitation for the appointment of U.S. District Attorney at New-York.
Mr
Clay read to me a Letter from Peter B. Porter against Oakley whom he supposed to be a candidate. Governor Barbour took the papers
relating to the demand of Lieutenant
Greene for a Court of Enquiry. I thought it should be
granted, for which I gave my reasons. That it could not be refused
without denying him Justice— His claim under the Circumstances seemed to
me a demand of positive right. Considerations of delicacy must give way
before it— But if the Report of the Court of Enquiry should be against
him I thought he might be dismissed without a Court Martial— We had also
conversation upon the claim of Satterlee
Clark to be still a District Paymaster. The Opinions of
Messrs. Oakley and Storrs rest upon the single
consideration of the deficiency of Evidence. Clark has nothing but the
Letter of the Adjutant General C. J.
Nourse, informing him, by Order of the Secretary of War,
that the President had directed he should be dismissed from the Service—
Oakley and Storrs say that the Act of dismission could be performed only
by the President, and must be authenticated of Record as much as the
Commission— But defect of evidence does not warrant the negation of the
act— And Governor Barbour observed there was ample proof of the Act, in
the subsequent appointment of another paymaster in the place of Mr Clark— I propose to refer the Papers to
the Attorney General for his
opinion— We spoke also of the question, of the second Comptroller
R. Cutts, upon the Accounts
of T. L. M’Kenney, Governor Duval and the Indian Agent
Tipton. I thought a regulation
would be necessary that no Officer on distant service should claim
compensation for coming to Washington to settle his accounts, unless by
Order from the Head of the Department. We had our weekly dinner party—
Mark Alexander, James,
Mrs and Miss Barbour, D. D. Barnard, T. H. and Mrs Benton, Mr Bleecker, H. M
Brackenridge, John Branch, Richard A. Buckner, Saml
Butman, R. V. De Witt,
M. Dickerson, S. A. and Mrs Foot, W. Haile, Miss
Harrow, Joseph
Healey, Coll R. Jones, Captain T a C Jones, Coll
Lawrence, John
M’Kinley, Robert Orr junr. Condy and Mrs Raguet Joseph Richardson, Asher Robbins, W. B. Rochester, John Sloane Samuel L. and
Mrs Southard, James Strong, John Taliaferro, Mr and Mrs
Taliaferro, Judge
Thompson, Mr and two Misses Wellford
Joseph M. White Austin E. Wing,
Mary Roberdeau and six in
the family 33 at table.
