John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Cary— Jonathan
- Thayer— Sylvanus
- Gray— Rev
d.Thomas - Amory Rufus G.
- Freeman— Captain
- Whittemore M
rs - Loring
- Degrand P. P. F
- Brown— Jonas D
- Schuler— Lieut
t.
Mr
Cary is from Bridgwater and came to renew a solicitation
for the appointment of his Son in Law Dunham as keeper of a Light house now building in the
State of Maine— I was not sure whether the place was yet open or had
been filled a few days before I left Washington. Cary asked me if I
remembered a Company of Militia, who about the time of the Battle of
Lexington in 1775. came down from Bridgwater, and passed the Night at
my father’s house and barn at
the foot of Penn’s Hill; and in the midst of whom, my father placed me,
then a boy between seven and eight years, and I went through the manual
exercise of the musket, by word of command from one of them— I told him
I remembered it as distinctly as if it had been last week— He said he
was one of that company. Coll. Thayer Superintendent of
the Academy at West-Point called here to take leave, being on his return
to his Post— He has been upon a short visit to his father, who resides at
Braintree, where he was born. He said he had Letters to a late date from
the Point, and they were entirely satisfactory as to the present
condition of the School, and conduct of the Cadets. He also mentioned
that there would shortly be two or three professors to be appointed.
Mr
Gray is the Minister at Jamaica Plains. R. G. Amory who came with his Son in Law
Captain Freeman, invited me
to dine with him on Thursday. Of our afternoon visitors Mrs
Whittemore and Mr Loring are Relations of ours
from Hingham. Mr Loring urged me to make one
of a party with other friends from Hingham to visit Nantasket Beach,
which I promised I would. De
Grand came out from Boston, with Mr Brown,
who was a delegate from Boston to the recent manufacturing interest
Convention at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; which he says was conducted and
terminated very harmoniously. Lieutenant
Schuler is the officer who last May was tried by a Court
Martial, upon two sets of Charges— Sentenced to be dismissed upon both;
but the remission of the Sentence was in both cases recommended by the
Court. It was accordingly remitted, and I added an expression of regret
that the charges had been made subjects of a Court-Martial— He now came
with great familiarity to tell me that he had been much hurt by the
Sentences of the Court-Martial, that he wanted to get away from the
army—would be glad to be attached to the academy at West-Point or to the
Artillery School of practice at Point comfort, or anything to get away
from the army And he asked my advice what he should do; observing, that
he might be l. Thayer at Braintree, but I
informed him that the Coll. had left that
place. 271I spent the Evening with my brother and his family at Mr
Marston’s— My Son Charles went this morning to Boston, to reside, and to
pursue his study of the Law in the Office of Mr
Webster— My brother and his Son Thomas went to Boston this Morning,
and returned to dinner— Thomas brought me out a heavy Mail of despatches
and Letters, which the whole afternoon, allowed me not time sufficient
to read through— George went after
dinner to Boston with Antoine,
who returned here in the Evening— I wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury, and enclosed
the Petitions and papers of Henry Fry
and Charles Anderson, with
orders for the discharge of Fry from prison, and for the remission of
the penalties incurred by Anderson, Master of the British ship Newry for
bringing from that place to New York, an excess of 18 passengers. I
wrote also to N. Frye junr and T. J. Hellen.
