John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Wytle
- Hawley. Rev
d - Wyer. Edward
- Knapp Samuel L
- Calvert
- Trumbull. John
- Brent. Daniel
- Watkins— Tobias
- Rush— Richard
- Wirt. William
Mr Wytle came and
announced himself as the person to whom my Son John had engaged to rent the Columbian
Mills, and informed me that he could not comply with his engagement;
which was to rent the Mills for a year for 1200 dollars, on condition
that they should be put in complete repair, which is doing, and will
cost more than a year’s rent— He said the person upon whom he had relied
to furnish the money to carry on the business had died; and he now
wanted capital— But he now proposed that I should furnish the money, and
after the deduction of the Rent, to divide the profits— I told him that
my Son John had the entire management of all the concerns of the Mills—
That whatever he had to say upon the subject it would be well he should
write to him; but that he need not trouble himself to make this last
proposition, as it certainly would not be accepted— The Revd. Mr Hawley came and introduced a
Mr of the neighbourhood of Troy,
New-York. Wyer called and told me
some of the vagaries of J. Q. A.
Boyd, who is at Williamson’s Tavern. Mr Knapp came to enquire, if I
had certain Books which might elucidate the literary History of this
Country antecedent to the Revolution. I have no such books here, but had
a desultory conversation of half an hour with him on the subject.
Mr
Calvert came merely to pay a morning visit— Coll.
Trumbull to mention that he had now done retouching his
four Pictures at the Capitol. There is nothing left for him to do he
says but the varnishing; which must be done in cooler weather— He
therefore proposes to return here, and put the finishing hand to his
work, next November. He complains however of the Room: of the Light, and
of the circular hole in the centre of the Rotundo, which he thinks will
prove an insupportable nuisance— Mr Brent called, and also sent
me a number of Blanks from the Department of State previous to my
departure— Mr
Wirt the Attorney General came to recommend that Captain Hills an Officer in the Army, who
has been ordered to St. Louis, might receive
an order for some employment which may retain him in this neighbourhood—
For this he assigned several reasons— I told him I had no sort of
objection, provided it should be compatible with the rules of the
service, and with Justice to other Officers—for which I must refer him
to Major Nourse at the War
Department, and to Coll. Jones the Adjutant General—
I said I thought all the reasons assigned by him rather weak upon which
he said Hills had a matrimonial project in his mind, which I admitted
was a very good reason, and to favour which I would comply as far as my
own duty would allow— Dr Watkins came for the Letter
from Benjamin Ames which he had
left with me and which I returned to him—recommending a person named
Work to be keeper of a new Light-House in the State of Maine— Mr Rush was
here, and I had further Conversation with him, respecting the measures
for introducing exotic Plants: and he read me a copy of his Letter to
Mr
Gallatin, requesting him to procure the Models of some new
machinery invented for the manufacture of Silk. He returned me my
Memorandum of enquiries to be transmitted with the Circulars to the
Consuls; of which he has had a copy taken— I gave this day an order for
the discharge from prison of
