John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Graham— G.
- Nourse. C. J.
- Southard S. L
- Watkins— Tobias
- Davis— John
- Forrest— Richard
- Burges— Tristram
- Rush— Richard
- Rush— James
Mr.
Graham brought with him maps of the States of Indiana and
Ohio, with the Letter from Messrs. Noble and Test, requesting a suspension of the Sales of Lands, on
the banks of the Wabash river, where the Canal projected by the State of
Indiana will be laid out, and for which a grant of five Sections of Land
to the State of Indiana was made by Congress at their last Session— We
traced on the maps the course in which the Canal must be directed, from
the Wabash to the Miami of the Lake, and I requested Mr Graham to give Instructions at the Land
Office to suspend the Sales within the distance from the river which may
be occupied by the reservations both for the United States and for the
grant to the State— Mr Graham said this
Canal would make the shortest passage from New-Orleans to New-York—
Mr
Nourse brought me a warrant for admission as a Cadet at
West-Point for Henry Van
Rensselaer, which I enclosed to his father, the Patroon, at
Albany, of which John gave notice
to J. Blunt of New-York, as he had
requested— Mr
Southard read me a Letter he had received from John Wurtz, a member of the last Congress
from Philadelphia; to whom he had enclosed his Correspondence with
General Jackson, about the
Conversation at the Fredericksburg dinner. Wurtz’s opinion of the whole
affair is correct and candid, and he thinks as I did that Mr Southard ought not to reply to General
Jackson’s last Letter to him. Dr Watkins came and introduced
a Mr John
Davis, from Augusta Maine, who delivered to me several
Letters from respectable persons in the State, recommending him for the
appointment of Collector at Penobscot— I observed it was too late—the
appointment having been already made; a day or two since— He enquired
who it was, and upon being informed it was a Mr.
Gilman of Hallowell, said it was a very unfortunate
appointment; but did not explain himself further— Mr Davis said he had been in the last
Presidential Canvas in favour of Mr Crawford; and among
the Letters which he brought me was one from William King— R.
Forrest brought me to sign, an Exequatur for a person
named Delgado, as Mexican
Vice-Consul at Boston— Mr Burges called concerning the
money which it has been agreed to apply to a Marine Hospital at
Providence; for the present 5000 dollars. He thought the Collector of the Port, though a very
good Officer, would not superintend the expenditure of the money so
advantageously as the Marine Society if it should be placed under their
direction. I desired him to see the Secretary of the Treasury upon the Subject, and said I
should readily agree to any arrangement of the matter which he should
find to be customary, or approve. Mr Burges
has been detained here since the close of the Session of Congress, by
the illness of two of his daughters— They are however recovering and he
proposes going homewards to-morrow— Mr Rush
called to introduce his brother James, who is on a visit to him, from Philadelphia—
Mary Roberdeau who has been
spending some days with Mrs Adams, this Evening went
home.
