John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Watkins. Tobias
- Johnson— R. M
- Johnson. James
- Brown— Ob. B.
- Crowninshield— B. W.
- Burges Tristam
- Pearce Dutee J.
- Brent— Daniel
- Tunstall
- Marvin Dudley
- Everett— Edward
- Mercer— Charles F
- Rush— S.T.
- Jennings— Jonathan
- Clay— S.S.
Watkins shewed me a Letter from
Thurlow Weed, seeming to urge,
a solicitation of Van Buren’s
influence to obtain the election of Tracy, as the Senator from New-York; but this is neither
practicable nor fitting— The two Colls. Johnson and
O. B. Brown, came as a
Committee from the Trustees of the Columbian College, to invite my
attendance at their Commencement, at ten O’Clock next Wednesday Morning;
which invitation I accepted. They also invited me to dine at the
President of the
College’s that day, which following the example of Mr Monroe
last year, I declined— Crowninshield called on the case of persons having a
claim on the Portuguese Government for a Brig Osprey and Cargo, taken by
Genl.
Lecor at Montevideo— He was referred to the Department of
State, whence Instructions have been sent on the subject to T. L. L. Brent, Chargé d’Affaires at
Lisbon— Messrs Burges and Pearce
came jointly to recommend Mr R. W. Green as District Attorney for
Rhode-Island— They said Mr Knight of the Senate agreed
with them; and they spoke highly of his character— Tunstall is deputy Collector at
Norfolk and applies for the appointment of Collector in the place of
James Johnson; deceased—
Marvin and Everett came upon visits of civility,
and Mr
Mercer to enquire with regard to the Execution of a
Resolution of the House of Representatives at the last Session of
Congress requiring that the P.U.S. should obtain and lay before the
House at the Commencement of this Session, the legal proceedings,
concerning certain Slaves, captured and sold in Alabama— I had spoken of
this Resolution several times to Mr Clay, who had caused inquiry
to be made of the clerk of the House, who had given assurance that no
such Resolution had been adopted— I had relied upon this information,
but Mr Mercer by a reference to the House’s
Journal shewed that the Resolution had been adopted, and promised to see
it carried into Execution. Mercer said he would send me some fresh
Letters he had received complaining of the conduct of the judge and Marshal, and Owen of Alabama had told him he believed
the charges to be true— He said also that he had forborne to speak upon
the subject to Mr Clay, because his Son in
Law was one of the persons implicated in the transaction— Rush brought a list of the Directors of
the Bank of the United States appointed by the Government every year
since the commencement of the Institution— Jennings came to enquire at whose
recommendation Noah Noble had been
appointed Receiver of Public Monies at Indianapolis— I told him by those
of the whole delegation from Indiana, except himself, of the Governor of the State, the Marshal Vawter and many others— I read
to him most of the Letters— He said Noble was well qualified for the
Office, but there was dissatisfaction among the people of Indiana at his
36appointment, because he was a brother of the
Senator Noble, and a brother
also to the preceding Receiver—
He seemed somewhat surprized at the recommendations of Hendricks and Test; but their practice in that State is
to recommend or certify the qualification of every person who applies to
them; and then each one by a private communication indicates his
particular favourite— Mr Clay called to
enquire respecting drafts of answers which he had prepared to a Letter
from the Governor of
Massachusetts concerning the Eastern Boundary, and to one
from the French
Minister, concerning the arrest of deserting Seamen. He also
mentioned a Resolution introduced into the Legislature of Kentucky by
Mr
Crittenden, and said R. M.
Johnson had told him of a long discussion, between
Calhoun and Hayne in his presence on the question
whether opposition should be made in Senate against the nominations of
R. King, as Minister to
Great-Britain, and his Son John A.
King as Secretary of Legation— Hayne urging to the
opposition and Calhoun advising against it.
