John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Brown. General
- Lloyd James
- Newton. Thomas
- Southard S.N. twice
- Bailey John
- Barbour. J. S.
- Isaacks.
- Lathrop
- Rose.
- Vandeventer
- Dickens.
- Govan. A. R.
General Brown came to converse with
me on the concentration of the Army; an object which he thinks of great
importance, and concerning which he had some days since sent me a copy
of a Letter which he wrote to the Secretary
of War in November 1820. at the time immediately preceding
the last Reduction of the Army— He spoke also of the appointment of an
Inspector General, which he wished might be conferred upon Coll.
Eustis. He was very averse to the appointment of Nourse— Mr Lloyd spoke on several
Subjects—first, respecting the acknowledgment of the Trustee Deeds, to
the Apthorps, which I told him I would acknowledge before a
Magistrate and send to him— Then of the recommendation in the Message to
remove the remnant of discriminating duties, concerning which he wished
for information to be obtained at the Departments, and some, that I gave
him—and lastly of the proceedings on Commodore Porter’s trial— Mr
Lloyd at Porter’s desire had moved for the proceedings of the Court of
Inquiry, and Mr Southard had suggested that those of the Court
Martial should be communicated with them— Mr
Lloyd assented to this proposal. Though he seemed not to be aware of
Porter’s motive in desiring that the Proceedings of the Court of
Inquiry, only should be communicated— Mr Newton called and delivered
to me a Letter, from himself recommending B Pryor, as Collector of Norfolk, in the place of
James Johnson deceased—but
verbally Newton said he should prefer the appointment of Mr
Prentiss. He objected to Gatewood— Mr Southard called
twice— The first time I was engaged with Genl Brown— The second it was to read a Letter from Captain Morris at Paris— Somerville was very ill— I had
visits from J. Bailey. J. S. Barbour, Isaacks, Lathrop and Rose of
the House of Representatives, and a Card from A. R. Govan— Mr Bailey spoke of several Resolutions, which he has offered in
the House of Representatives, concerning Roads and Canals, and an
Amendment of the Constitution— He said he had not shewn me those
Resolutions before he offered them, on account of the imputations upon
him heretofore, arising from his former relations to me in the
Department of State— I told him that the discussion of his Resolutions
might be useful, but I must in candour say that my opinions did not
concur with them— I thought the power of making Roads and Canals, given
by the Constitution; and then an Amendment asking the grant of that
which was already granted; equally impracticable and useless— Vandeventer came for some
papers relating to the Creek and Georgia controversy 32Dickins brought me
as I had requested a list of the Members of the Columbian Institute; and
had some conversation with me relating to the Address to be delivered by
Dr
Watkins to the Society on the 7th. of January next— He spoke also of his own situation; his
wish for a more lucrative place than that which he now has at the
Treasury; and of his disappointment in the recent election of Walter Lowry, as Secretary of the
Senate. Dickins said he had been not only disappointed but deceived by
many of Mr Crawford’s friends who had encouraged him to
expect their votes for that office; and yet he could not account for the
election of Lowry unless several of General Jackson’s friends had joined in voting for him.
He then enlarged upon the services he had rendered especially during the
last two years in the Treasury—intimating that he had really performed
all the duties of the Secretary— And he added that he supposed I knew
that he had been the medium of communication between the Treasury
Department, and the President, after all personal communication between
Mr Monroe and Mr Crawford had ceased— This fact had not before been known to
me; and I told Dickins so— He said that a few weeks before the close of
the Administration, some words used by Mr Monroe to Mr Crawford had induced the latter to abstain
thenceforward from coming to this house, or ever seeing Mr Monroe again— When Mr Southard came in I asked him if this fact had been known to
him— He said yes— That one day last Winter, on coming here on business,
he found Mr Monroe walking to and fro across
the room in great agitation— That he told him Crawford had just left
him— He had come to him concerning the nomination of certain Officers of
the Customs, in Northern Ports— That Crawford recommended the nomination
of several persons against whom Mr Monroe
expressed several objections—that Mr
Crawford, at last rose, in much irritation, gathered the papers
together; and said petulantly; well—if you will not appoint the persons
well qualified for the places, tell me whom you will appoint; that I may
get rid of their importunities: Mr Monroe
replied with great warmth; saying that he considered Crawford’s language
as extremely improper, and unsuitable to the relations between them,
when Crawford turning to him, raised his Cane, as in the attitude to
strike, and said “you damned infernal old Scoundrel”— Mr Monroe seized the tongs at the fire-place
for self-defence; applied a retaliatory epithet to Crawford and told him
he would immediately ring for servants r Southard does not recollect the precise day upon which this
happened— I told him that if I had known it at the time, I should not
have invited Mr Crawford to remain in the
Treasury Department— It resembles the Scene between Bolingbroke and Oxford in the last days of Queen Anne.
We had this Evening the first drawing room for the Season, which was fully attended, and continued from 7 to half past ten—
