John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Humphreys Lemuel
We had a deeply disturbed night with John’s eldest child Louisa; whose cries from the pain she suffers are almost
incessant, and heart rending— Dr Holbrook was here this
morning, and thought her illness not dangerous— She was quiet nearly the
whole day, but as Evening came on was again in severe and unintermitting
pain— Mr
Humphreys the Surveyor from Weymouth came at 8 this
morning, and we resurveyed the Penn’s Valley Farm; the survey of the
last year having fallen several Acres short of what purported to be
contained in my father’s deed to me
of August 1803. and of the previous conveyances to him— We now undertook
to mark separately 1. The lot of 9 1/2 or 10 Acres, conveyed to my Grandfather by Billings in 1744. and
given in my Grandfather’s will to my father. 2. The Homestead of 35
Acres, given by my Grandfather’s Will to my Uncle Peter B. Adams, and by him conveyed to
my father in 1774. 3. The lot of 46. Acres, conveyed by W and S. Vesey to my
father in February 1788. And 4. The lot of 7. Acres conveyed by Moses and Huldah Babcock
to my father 2. May 1783. These four parcels constitute the Estate,
included in one survey last year.— I supposed until this day that there
was included in it also 16 1/2 Acres. conveyed in April 1762 by Nathaniel Belcher to my father, my
uncle Peter and Joseph Field; but
I now found that this was part of another Survey; and that the Land is
South of Joseph Field’s land adjoining mine— Joseph Field, now 81 years of age, and son of the man to
whom the joint conveyance was made, now shewed me other papers,
connected with this transaction; among which a Quit-claim deed, dated
11. April 1764—from my father, and my uncle Peter, of 5 1/2 Acres of the
16 1/2 to Joseph Field his father— This explanation reduces the possible
error of Mr Humphreys’s last year’s survey
to about 7. Acres; precisely the quantity of the grant from the
Babcock’s— In this day’s Survey, William
Spear and Salmon
Farrar were with us—carrying the chain and sticks—
Deacon Daniel Spear joined us
twice for half an hour each time— We did not measure round on the swampy
fresh meadows adjoining upon Ebenezer and Josiah Adams: the water being so high after
the heavy rain of yesterday that the passages were nearly impracticable—
I gathered about a pint of Acorns of Black, White, and Chesnut Oaks, in
what I call the Druid Plains behind the Old Brook— The White Oak Acorns
are ripe—many fallen, and some sprouting on the Tree— The Chesnut Oak
Acorns are ripening and the black still unripe— The finest white are
from an old tree which was already a large one when I was a boy, and
which is one of the first objects of my remembrance. I shall call them
therefore Druid, and mark the Acorns which I shall plant from them, for
experiment. There are upon the Babcock lot many scrub grown Oaks, kept
down by the cropping of the cattle. And there are some dying and dead
Oaks which it will be proper for me to have cut down, and brought home
for fuel— We dined, sitting down upon Stones in a Corner of Harvey Field’s yard, and finished about
five in the afternoon— I agreed with Mr
Humphreys to commence the Survey of Mount Wollaston this day fortnight,
if the weather should be fair— I picked up also four or five wild pears
for seed on the Druid plain, and Farrar gathered me some fox grapes. I
walked home over the Stony-field Hill— Found the Shellbark Walnuts near
the Old Trask house, already mostly 553carried off—
I gathered some ashpods from the tree. I have taken them at different
periods of the Season to multiply the chances of their germinating as
seed— On returning home I found the child yet very ill. Mr
Marston’s daughter Emily died last night of a Consumption— John Kirke went to Boston this Morning,
and brought out the Horse Charles has kept this Summer. He took to Mr Newman’s at Roxbury
one of the Coach-horses which is lame— I attempted reading in the
Evening some Sections de Officiis, but was too weary and drowsy—
