John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Post. Reuben
- Patterson. Rev
d.Mr - Keep.
Almighty and Merciful God; in the dispensations of thy Providence, it has
seemed good unto thee to visit me and my family with a deep affliction
in the sudden and mysterious departure of my
eldest Son. Thou knowest Oh! God! the wants and
infirmities of thy creatures; to thy overruling Providence, I commit
myself and mine—humbly imploring of thy mercy to grant us strength equal
to the trials which thou hast destined for us. I pray that we all may
possess that broken and contrite Spirit which is well pleasing in the
sight of God—that we may humble ourselves in the dust, and be conscious
that thy chastisements have been deserved— That until it shall please
thee to call us before thee to account for the deeds done in the body,
thou wouldst make our strength as our day, and above all that thou
wouldst in thy sore displeasure spare and sustain our intellectual
faculties— For my own, for those of the partner of my life I implore;
and that thou oh, God! wouldst not leave or forsake us— My Son John left us this morning, before noon,
and proceeded with Mr W. S. Smith for New-York—
Mrs Smith went into the City with John, but came
back before dinner— Mrs Frye came out and spent about two hours with
her Sister.— The Revd. Mr Post, minister
of the Presbyterian Church—the first, and the Revd. Mr
Patterson of Philadelphia, came out on a visit to
sympathize with me, for which I pray the blessing of God upon them. They
spoke to me words of comfort—from the holy gospel of God, and they
kneeled and 176prayed fervently with me, and for me
and my family— They also promised me to pray devoutly for us, in their
own supplications to Heaven— A young man by the name of Keep—belonging to Boston, came, and told me that he had
passed great part of the last, and of the preceding Winter, and had
attended most of the Drawing Rooms, but I did not recollect his person.
He told me that he was a fellow passenger with my departed son, in the
Steam-boat from Providence last Wednesday— That he himself had left
Boston on Tuesday; but that the Boat of that day failed— And that in the
Boat of Wednesday there were the passengers of two days— That George
came in the Stage of Wednesday Morning, and embarked immediately in the
Boat— That his conversation all the afternoon was cheerful and
intelligent; but that in the Evening, he complained of a severe
head-ache—said he wished the motion of the Boat, would be so great as to
make him Sea-sick— He asked him, Keep, if he was coming on to
Washington, immediately; and upon his answering that he was; said he was
glad of it—that he would come on with him— That he had intended to stop
one day at New-York, to be bled; but that for the sake of his company,
he would come on immediately— That he had been for several days unwell;
and that on Monday night after going to bed he had taken an impression
that there were persons breaking into his chamber. That he had risen
from bed, and made search; and although he found no person, and there
was no person there; he had not been able to remove the impression from
his mind— That his nervous system was so deeply affected, that he could
not exclude the impression that the birds were speaking to him; and that
the machinery of the Steam-boat seemed also, as if it was speaking— Keep
said that this idea had sometimes occurred to himself; that it was like
the sound of a person speaking; and George said it seemed to him, like
the perpetually repeated words “let it be.”— That he had conversed with
a missionary on board, named Peter
Jones, who had Indian boys with him, and had given him a
donation— That he had retired to his berth about the same time with most
of the other passengers, but had got up and returned to bed twice in the
course of the Night— That he waked a Mr Parker, a stranger, and
asked him if he had been circulating reports against him among the
passengers— Upon his saying no George went with a Candle to the births
of other passengers, and then returned to his own. That he finally rose
about three O’Clock; went to Captain Bunker
and asked him to set him ashore— The Boat was then going at the rate of
16 miles an hour— Captain Bunker asked him why he wished to be set on
shore— He said because there was a combination of all the Passengers
against him—and he had heard them talking and laughing against him—
Bunker’s attention was taken from this, by an accident, which
immediately afterwards happened to himself in hurting his foot— George
afterwards had some conversation with a Mr Stevens, a Common-Councilman
of Boston—who is now here; and who Mr Keep
said had told him that he would have called upon me, but did not know
how he should be received; he being a warm partizan of the present
administration. I desired Mr Keep to say to
Mr Stevens, that I should be much
obliged to him if he would call. It was but about ten minutes after this
conversation with Mr Stevens, when Stevens,
seeing Georges Hat near the edge of the end of the upper deck of the
Boat, enquired if any body had seen him within a few minutes— He was not
to be found in the Boat— From the situation of his hat and Cloak, it was
inferred; that in the wandering of his mind he had fallen overboard. It
was too late for human help— The rest Oh! God! is only known to thee— It
was thy will, to take him from the world, unseen by human eye; unheard
by human ear— Oh! God! remember him and us in mercy; hear us on thy
throne; and when thou hearest answer and forgive. 177This was a day of deep and dreadful affliction to the partner of my
life; whose state of health is itself alarming, by the still flowing
mercies of God, our reason has not deserted us, but imaginations wild
and unsustained by reason come over us both— I walked this afternoon
round the square at the back of the College, and in the deepest anguish
of my Soul, saw a Rainbow suddenly spread before me. It touched my heart
by no superstitious fancy, but by an association of ideas, as an
admonition to trust in the goodness and mercy of God.
