John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
I begin upon this Volume with the record of yesterday. See Vol. 9. for the last preceding date
June 1828
- Bomford— George
- Jones— Roger
- Foy
- Porter Peter B.
- Delafield
- Rush Richard
- Southard Samuel L
I sent for Coll. Bomford to speak with him of a man named
Copeland, who was employed
at the armoury at Harper’s ferry, and was dismissed for making frivolous
and groundless charges against the Superintendent. He is now applying to me for other
employment, and I sent to Coll. Bomford to
enquire into the circumstances of his case. He said he had since his
dismission employed him occasionally, and would again if opportunity
should occur— But he was a bad tempered man, and he could not give him a
permanent appointment because there was nobody in the public service
willing to be associated with him. Coll.
Bomford promised me some white mulberry-trees of which he has many from
the seeds sown in the Summer of 1826— Coll. Jones the Adjutant
General, brought over the Letter of General Scott to him, asking a leave of absence from his
command for 20 days, and the answer— Scott’s Letter is private, and asks
not a furlough to be announced in general orders, but this short leave
of absence, which by order of the Secretary of War was granted. I told
Coll. Jones, that I must ask for copies
of both the Letters, because I should now limit the time of General
Scott’s leave of absence, and it was therefore necessary to authenticate
the time and manner of his obtaining it— General Scott was pursuing such
a course that I thought it probable these Letters would all be
published— He asked his leave of absence to visit his family who were
about to embark for France— I told Coll.
Jones that he might inform General Scott that I had required a copy of
his Letter asking for the leave of absence— Mr Foy came to complain of
Mr
Elgar the Commissioner of the Public buildings, who
proposes to reduce the width both of the border and of the gravel walk
within the railing of the Capitol Square on the western side; which Mr Foy thinks will have a bad effect on the
whole enclosure— He thinks Mr Elgar
encroaches upon his domains and calls for my interposition. He spoke
also of work to be done at the yard of this house; and I promised to see
and advise with Mr Elgar— General Porter came with Major Delafield, and spoke of the
disingenuous proceeding of Mr Barclay the British
Commissioner under the seventh Article of the Treaty of Ghent— Major
Delafield undertook with my assent to draw up a statement in reply to
that part of Mr Barclay’s Report— It appears
that both parties have abandoned Mitchell’s Map which is acknowledged to be incorrect of
the topography of those regions— The adjourned Cabinet Meeting was held
at one. Present Mr Rush, General Porter, and Mr
Southard— General Porter had the draft of a Letter in
answer to the last from General Scott— It varied a little, as we thought
with improvement upon that which was proposed yesterday— In refusing the
furlough which he asks till next April, it states that the reasons which
he assigns for asking it are conclusive against its being granted— And
adds that as the Order from the War Department granting him leave of
absence was not limited in time, I had thought proper to fix the 25th. of July next as the term, and that I
expected he would by that day have returned and resumed the Command of
the Western division of the army. One or two slight modifications were
necessary, which were pointed out; and with them 12General Porter is to despatch the Letter this Evening— After the
Meeting was over I had much conversation with Mr Rush upon the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and with Mr Southard upon the proposed exploring
Expedition. The By-Laws of the Corporation have been reported and
adopted, and the Salary of the Officers is fixed— Mr Rush thought they might have dispensed
with a Treasurer; but that was not agreed to. Mr Southard said he believed Captain Wadsworth would decline taking the command of the
Expedition—and he was perplexed to find a substitute for him. There was
much and I hope not useless discussion of various topics connected with
the fitting out of the expedition— I visited the Garden before Riding
and the Nursery afterwards with Mr Foy— The
unknown trees are a Cane, A Button wood, a Plum, of peculiar character,
and several grape-vines. The Evening was extremely sultry, and
afterwards a rain gust with winds from the East.
