John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
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Gallatin— The Baron made a very short Address to the
President, assuring him of the friendly dispositions of the King of France towards the United
States, and of his own earnest desire to promote the good understanding
between the two Nations; which the President answered by assurances of
reciprocal dispositions. He spoke also very kindly to the Count de Menou, who said he expected
shortly to return to France, but hoped to pay his respects again to the
President before his Departure. The Count was much affected by the
President’s obliging expressions and warmly manifested his gratitude.
The Cabinet Meeting was not held— Mr Crawford came in to
the City, and was about an hour of the morning at the President’s, and
then returned home. He told the President he had postponed departure for
some days— I received this morning from Antonio Jose Cañaz, Envoy Extraordinary from the United
Provinces of the Centre of America, a notification of his arrival, and
as the President was extremely anxious to return to-morrow to Loudoun,
he desired me, if possible, to get through the presentation of Mr Cañaz this day— Returning to the Office of
the Department, I sent and requested him to call there immediately— It
was so long before his lodgings were found that when he came it was past
four O’Clock— He was accompanied by his Secretary of Legation, Mr
Valero— Neither of them speaks English; and Mr Valero only very little French— They
shewed me their Commission, of which I asked them to furnish me copies—
I went with them immediately to the President, and presented them— Mr Cañaz delivered his Credential Letter but
made no speech— The President assured him of the friendly feeling of the
United States towards his Country— After an early dinner I attended at
the President’s, where the deputations of Indians had their second
conference— They were now all dressed in the clothing furnished them
here. Short speeches were made again to them by the President, and by
him to them in return. Medal’s were distributed to all the Chiefs.
Several of them earnestly pressed their wishes to be dismissed, and to
return home. Mrs Adams229and John were there— Also Mr Wirt’s family— Old Mrs
Calhoun, and two of his
children— The French Minister and Consul and their
families— And some others— The President gave the medals, suspending
them over the necks of the Chiefs— Presents were also made to the Squaws
and children— One of the Piankeshaws who acted as interpreter from one
Dialect, to another was very ill, with a high fever— Between 8 and 9 it
was over— I asked the President’s directions upon various points; but he
was not prepared to give them. On returning home I found Laborie at my house— He comes out as
Secretary of Legation to the Baron de Mareuil— Judge Woodward and Dr
Watkins were afterwards here— Mr R.
Cutts, second Comptroller had been here last Evening;
complaining of an interference by Mr Calhoun
with an official decision of his in favor of the claim of D. Parker upon the grant of Congress
to the Estate of J. H. Piatt. I
advised him to see the President.
