John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
l. Towson— An answer to one
from Towson, canvassing for Dearborn’s influence to obtain the Election
of Calhoun as Vice-President—
Dearborn answers that this is impossible— That the impulse there is
given for Jackson as
Vice-President, and that Calhoun must be Secretary of State.
Crowninshield could not wait, but said he would call upon me in a day or
two again— Wyer was here, and told
me Coll.
Taylor of Caroline, the Senator from Virginia, had
mentioned to him that there was a rumour circulated in that State, that
my father had made his Will,
bequeathing his Estate to a public institution, or to his native town,
and that from this it was inferred that I was labouring under his
displeasure, and it was producing unfavourable political impressions
concerning my personal character. He said Coll. Taylor had thoughts of writing to my father about it— I
told Wyer that I should be glad if Coll.
Taylor would write; that my father’s conduct to me had been that of a
most affectionate father; and that he had not left it to the disposal of
a Will to bestow upon me my portion of his Estate— He had conveyed it to
me by deed, irrevocable by himself. I stated to him the various
dispositions, advantageous to me already made by my father, and his
undeviating kindness to me— This utterly groundless rumour, is a new
ingredient in the electioneering cauldron—what next?— Mr Tucker
the Treasurer came and introduced a Mr Cabell of Virginia, a
claimant under the Slave-indemnity Commission. He has furnished much of
the evidence, lately collected for the Commissioners of the average
value of Slaves, and is much interested in the event, he wanted some
documents, supposed to be at the Department; and I referred him to
Mr D.
Brent— Mr Edward Livingston, a member
from Louisiana, came and brought two Letters to him; one from James Hepburn at Mexico, the other
from a General D’Alvimar,
which he wished to have laid before the President— R. H.
Bayard came for an answer to the application from L. M’Lane and himself as Executors of
his father’s Will; for a half
outfit as Commissioner to negotiate the Convention of 3 July 1815— I
told him the application was before the President; who thought the 130allowance could not be made; Mr Bayard not having gone to London, upon
that mission— At the Office, G.
Sullivan came, and told me that his Colleague Pearce, had determined to go before
the Committee of Congress to whom the President’s Message on the
Massachusetts claim should be referred, and there protest against the
disavowal, which Sullivan had made of the Constitutional obstacles of
the Government of Massachusetts, during the War; and that to prevent
Pearce from doing this, he saw no other course than to resign, whereby
their authority being joint would cease to exist— I suggested to him the
alternative, of obtaining positive Instructions from Governor Eustis; but he said that
Pearce would pay no regard to any Instructions— I think this hardly
probable; but Pearce’s conduct has been quite extraordinary— Sullivan
said that on resigning he should not immediately go home, but would
remain here or go into Virginia for four or five weeks—which I conclude
is with a view to await the Event of the Massachusetts Election— He
spoke also of endeavouring to get the Message on the claim referred to a
Committee of the whole House without sending it to any special
Committee; but this would be a departure from the usual course; the
attempt would be unsuccessful and probably injurious to the Claim—
Company to dine— Messrs. R. Allen of Tennessee, Bartlett, R. H. Bayard, Baylies, Brent, Lot Clark,
Dickerson, W. N. Edwards, Gurley, Johnston of Louisiana, Lowrie, M’Kee,
M’Nair Governor of
Missouri, D. H. Miller of
Pennsylvania, Miller, Governor of
Arkansas, Rankin, Spaight, G. Sullivan, and Tod of Pennsylvania— There had been
invited, who sent excuses, Messrs. Hayward, Herkimer, Leftwich, M’Duffie, Maxcy, Noble, and Saunders— No Ladies at Table— In the Evening Mr Blunt
came in, and I went with him and Sullivan to the Theatre— Saw part of
the Midnight Hour; and then came away, as the Woodman’s Hut was to be
repeated— Blunt came home with me, and sat an hour with me, telling me
of the state of Affairs in New-York— The Clintonians have all gone over
to Genl. Jackson, and the probable effect of
this will be to rally a majority of the State in favour of Crawford— On
retiring to bed, I found Mrs Adams, who had been better,
all day, had been suddenly seized again very violently. Sent for
Dr
Huntt, who came and prescribed Laudanum. I got to bed
about one in the Morning— Answer from Genl. Van-Ness for President
& Directors of Metropolis Bank.
