John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
rs Royall,
Baron Stackelberg,
Messrs. White, King, and
Tazewell, Florida Treaty
Commissioners. Mr Addington, D. P.
Cook, and E. Wyer—and
after dinner, at home, Lieutt. Sherburne of the Navy. Mr Jennings came to take leave, and left a
written application, for copies of his Letters and a statement of
circumstances respecting the appointment of Charles Dewey as District attorney in Indiana— English
for the final settlement of his account—also to take leave, and to urge
again his application for further employment. Cuthbert upon a claim of a
person named Maric—of Savannah,
whose vessel was last Summer seized and confiscated in Hayti, for
entering a Port of the Island contrary to a Proclamation of the
Government— Maric petitioned Congress without effect, and Cuthbert now
applies in his behalf to the Executive— He told me the papers relating
to the case would be sent me from the Clerk’s Office of the House of
Representatives; and wished me to specify what further documents would
be wanted— Mrs Royall came as a Lady to ask
relief, and complained of having been harshly treated elsewhere— Baron
Stackelberg in great embarrassment about his bills of Exchange, upon his
Government; which his correspondents at Baltimore have sold, and now
refuse to pay over to him, the money they have received for them, until
they shall receive advice from Sweden that they have been accepted— The
Florida Treaty Commissioners came to say that they were preparing for
the final close of their Commission. I returned to them the draft of a
Report, which Messrs. White and Tazewell had
some days since delivered to me, and told them that the President had read it, as I had also
done, and nothing had occurred to either of us, as proper to be altered
in or omitted from it— They observed upon the shortness of the time yet
left them, and said that although they had given repeated notices, that
they should receive no new Memorials after certain specified periods,
they had not adhered to these rules, but expected they should have
claims and arguments pouring in upon them to the very last hour of their
Sittings. Mr Addington came to enquire if I
was ready to despatch the ratified Convention— I had inclined to have
sent it by a special Messenger, and last week had asked Addington if he
could have a passage in the Packet, to which he had immediately
assented— But the moment a suspicion of a special messenger got wind, I
was beset with conflicting applications for it; so that I could not have
gratified one applicant, without mortifying others, and the fund is so
scanty from which the expence of a special messenger must have been
paid, that I concluded to save it, and to send the Convention, by Mr Addington’s Messenger— I read to him the
whole of my Instruction to R. Rush
to go with the ratified Convention, with which he appeared to be
entirely satisfied—and I had the Convention, with the Instruction,
packed in a small trunk, addressed to Mr
Rush, sealed up, and delivered with the key of the trunk, to Mr Addington, this Evening— D. P. Cook came
and told me that he expected the arrival of Mr
Edwards this evening. Cook said he thought Edwards ought
to resign his appointment as Minister to Mexico, and devote himself to
the complete developement of this affair— And as he could probably
expect no justice from this Committee, he would determine whether on
that avowed ground, to decline pursuing the subject before them and make
a direct appeal to Congress or to the Nation, or after protesting
against those 346members of
the Committee who had prejudged the case, and taken side against him, to
proceed in the investigation— I agreed with him that the best course for
Mr Edwards to take, was to resign his
Office; but I thought he should not decline the investigation, so far as
it personally concerned himself. I remarked that in the present state of
Mr Crawford’s health, it would be I thought at
once wise and generous in Mr Edwards, if he
would offer to take the report of the Committee so far as it went to
acquit or excuse Mr Crawford, as final and
conclusive, and to disclaim the intention of pressing farther any
investigation of his official conduct— Wyer called at the Office, and
spoke of the state of Mr Crawford’s health,
which is a problem— Mr Ironside brought me an Act
of Congress which in the hurry of the last day of the Session, and among
the forty or fifty Acts then brought to him, for his examination and
signature, by some accident missed of being signed by him. The question
is whether it can be signed by him now— It is an act concerning wreckers
on the Coast of Florida— I desired Mr Brent to ascertain whether
it had been announced to the House in which the Bill originated that it
had been signed— Lieutenant Sherburne came to urge again with great
earnestness that Mr Hassler might again be
employed for the surveys provided by a recent act of Congress to be
made— While he was with me the Stage from Frederick passed by my house,
and Mr Edwards was in it— I called
afterwards at the President’s, having heard in the course of the day
that he was going to-morrow to Loudoun— But he had concluded to postpone
for some days his departure.
