John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Thomas Col
l.James - Buller Charles
- Marechal Baron
- Kingsbury Harmon
Morning visit from Coll Thomas, and then from Mr Charles
Buller the private Secretary of Lord Durham the late Governor General
of the Northern British Provinces on this Continent— He brought me two
Letters from Miss Harriet
Martineau in England, and from Mr Charles A.
Davis at New-York— Lord Durham, whose magnificent Mission
to Canada has proved a failure embarked at Quebec about the 1st. of November, on his return to England—
Mr Buller remained behind, but has now
come on to embark next Wednesday in the Steamer Liverpool, from
New-York. He said he had availed himself of the interval to pay a flying
visit to this City, and Mr Cambreleng had promised to
take him this Evening to see the President— I had more than an hour’s conversation with
Mr Buller upon the affairs of Canada,
and our own— He was more inquisitive than communicative, but said that
affairs in Canada were so very bad, that Lord Durham had thought it his
duty to make the best of his way home; without indulging himself in a
visit of curiosity to the United States— He said that the worst feature
in the condition of Canada was the inveterate and rancorous mutual
hostility between the English and French population— He was followed by
Baron Marechal, lately
arrived here as Minister Plenipotentiary from the Emperor of Austria, who on coming
up claimed an acquaintance of more than 25 years standing. His name had
not been announced, and when he came up I did not recognize him; but
immediately on his naming the acquaintance of 25 years, I knew him for
the Baron Marechal, Secretary of Legation to Count St.
Julien at St. Petersburg in
1811 and 1812. But I remembered not a feature of his face— He was then a
young man, certainly not exceeding 25. he is now an elderly personage
turned of fifty—but very lively and conversible— He told me Count St. Julien had been many years dead, and
indeed in running over the roll of distinguished persons Russian and
foreigners whom we had both known there, it was a mere necrology; as if
we were wandering among the Sepulchres of a Church yard— Even the story
of the survivors was not joyous— Nesselrode and the Baron de
Blome yet flourish green
672green old age; but his account of Einsïedel was melancholy— He
himself came on a mission to Brazil in 1819. and lived there 11 years.
He returned home in 1830 and has been residing the last 8 years in
Europe— My last morning visitor was Mr Harmon Kingsbury of Ohio,
the person who was last Winter so anxiously earnest for the suppression
of the Sunday-Mails. He is not less zealous in the pursuit of the same
object now, and intimated rather obscurely a wish that I would introduce
the Bill— But I do not inclined to enter upon that controversy— I told
him that the shortest way would be to call up the petition of the last
year and have it referred to a Committee; and if he was prepared with
another petition, it might be presented and referred to the same
Committee— Before dinner, I walked to Mr Frye’s, and there saw
Mrs
Sanford, widow of the late Nathan Sanford, and once an inmate of my house as Mary
Buchanan— Her Son, a boy ten
years of age is with her here on a visit of ten or twelve days to
Mrs
Frye, who was her father Andrew Buchanan’s second wife—married at my house in
Boston in 1808— Captain Wade of
the army was also there; whose
wife is a Sister of Mrs
Sanford; and a youth by the name of Kuhn, son of the late Captain Kuhn— Thomas B. J. Frye is at Philadelphia; attending the
medical schools— At half past 5. I went and dined at Mr
Woodbury’s—the Secretary of the Treasury— President Van
Buren was there, and his Son Martin— Mr Forsyth and Mr
Paulding— And several foreign Ministers—of whom Baron
Marechal from Austria—Mr Bodisco from Russia, Mrr
Martini, from Holland, Mr Serruys from Belgium,
Genl.
Alvear from the Argentine Republic, and Mr Jones fom
Texas, with two or three others, and Mr Calderon de la Barca from
Spain— The French and British Ministers Pontois and Fox were
not there— Mr Bodisco and General Alvear
claimed old acquaintance with me, one from the time of my residence at
St. Petersburg; and the other having
been a very short time here, when I was President— The Belgian told me
that he had a letter of introduction to me, from Mr
Cornelissen of Ghent— He also told me that our old kind
friend Meulemeester was dead
but that his widow was yet
living— Mr Woodbury was particular in the
etiquette of his places at table— The President led Mrs
Woodbury into the dining room, and Mr Woodbury requested me to lead in his daughter Elizabeth— I sat between the
mother and daughter, at the left hand of Mrs
Wooodbury the President being at her right hand The heads of
Departments, foreign Ministers, Speaker of the
House and one Senator present John W. Allen of Ohio, set
promiscuously— All these people might have disputed my Seat with me a
simple member of the House—but no pretensions were raised— I had some
conversation after dinner with Mr Calderon
the Spanish Minister upon the Comedies of his ancestor, which he says preceded those of Shakespear— Mrs Woodbury asked me in behalf of her
daughter to write verses in her Album, which I promised— Walked home
about 10.
