John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Ayer Thomas
From Quincy to Boston—
To the rain of all yesterday succeeded a thick fog this morning, and a
cloudy day with light showers and a clear evening. I made the Diary
record of yesterday before breakfast— Mr Ayer breakfasted with me,
and at half past 8. Gillet came
with the Quincy Stage and took us to Boston— Mrs Patton
Hall was also in the Stage, returning from a visit she has
been making to Mrs John Greenleaf— I alighted at Charles’s house: immediately after
which I went to Mr Page’s painting room, and sat about half an
hour; at 11. O’Clock there came in quick succession about 20 gentlemen,
the subscribers for whom this portrait had been painted—among whom were
Richard Fletcher, Abbott Lawrence, Josiah Quincy jr.
Jonathan Phillips, Isaac P. Davis, Joseph T. Buckingham, George Parkman, Ellis Gray Loring, Francis Jackson,r
Loring addressed them, and said that it would now be necessary to
determine what disposal to make of it— Mr
Phillips was then chosen Chairman of the Meeting, and with five others
was appointed a Committee to withdraw and report Resolution to the
Meeting for adoption— The went accordingly and soon returned with a
Resolution that the Portrait should be presented to the City of Boston,
to be suspended in Faneuil Hall. This Resolution was unanimously
adopted, and the same Committee were charged with the Office of
presenting the picture to the City authorities. They then passed a vote
of thanks to Mr Page, for the handsome
execution of the work; and a motion was made for a vote of thanks to me,
for the favour of sitting to the Painter—upon which I interposed, and
said that I felt this would be an inversion of the part suitable to be
performed between them and me— That the thanks were due from me to them,
and that I offered them with the deepest sensibility to their kindness—
That when requested by two of them to sit to the Artist, I had
cheerfully complied without knowing or enquiring what was the purpose of
the proposal, nor had a conjecture entered my mind upon this subject
till I was now made acquainted with it— That I intreated them to believe
that I felt it as an honour doubly precious, in the act itself, and in
the delicacy of the manner in which it had been performed—and if the
return of my thanks to them was not expressed in elegance of language
suitable to the occasion, I hoped they would attribute the deficiency of
words, to the pressure of an overburdened heart.— Mr Phillips the Chairman made a brief
complimentary reply, and the meeting dispersed— I then went with Dr George Parkman to the house of Drupon
658upon Astronomy— The present Doctor Bowditch’s wife, an English
Lady, and his Sister, a daughter
of the late Doctor were there— The Library was in the parlour— I then
returned to Charles’s house, and Dr. Parkman
took the Volume of Pearson’s
practical Astronomy which he had borrowed for me— Mr P. C.
Brooks dined with us at Charles’s—and I went and spent the
Evening with Mr Abbott Lawrence. He is
perhaps the most leading man of whig politics in Boston; though not at
present in any public office.— I had much conversation with him upon the
present condition and prospects, both of the national and State
politics— Mrs Lawrence occasionally came in; and once with
her son, a lad of about 12
years old.— Lawrence is a frank open hearted man, who with a good school
but not classical education has made a large fortune, and lives in much
Affluence and hospitality— He has been for many years devoted to
Mr
Webster and the main pillar of his support both pecuniary
and political— He now thinks Webster has coalesced with Harrison against Clay upon the Presidential competition,
and is himself for Clay— But such is the ascendancy of Webster over his
party, that he treats his friends as Goldsmith says Garrick did his—
