John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
Boston. Page— Plymouth Stage— Quincy.
Went into Boston with my Son, and
gave a sitting of 3 hours to Mr Page, whose manner of
painting is different from that of any other painter who has taken my
Portrait— The first sitting, he took the outlines of the face in
Charcoal; and this day he fitted up the space between the lines with a
thick daubing of oil colours— It has no pleasant aspect, but his
finished Portraits of Harding
the Painter, of Mrs Ellis G. Loring and two other Ladies which he
has at his room, give proof of no ordinary talent— While he was at work,
Dr George
Parkman came in, and sat about an hour— He spoke of the
treatment that he had received in England from Daniel O’Connell which he thought
very rude— Upon his introduction to the Irish Orator, he enquired from
what part of the United States he came and being answered from Boston,
reproached him with the burning of the Convent; and the refusal of
indemnity to the sufferers— Dr Parkman told
him that the facts of that event had been misrepresented to him, and
that the truth was very different— There is however no satisfactory
apology for that transaction, as it bears upon the character of the
People and of the time— Pudet haec opprobria non potuisse refelli— It
was near one when I left Mr Page’s room—
Call at the Post-Office, and found that the 1000 copies of my fragment
Speech had been received and delivered to the order of my Son— At his
Office, he was not quite ready to go on the return home.— I went to the
Anti-Slavery Office and Book-store of Isaac
Knapp, who informed me that he had received the copies,
and had authorised Gales and
Seaton to draw upon him at
three months sight for payment— He enquired if the pamphlet was
stereotyped— I said no, but I believed the Press was kept standing— He
said he thought he should soon dispose of these copies and want more— I
said there was no copy-right, and I had given a conditional permission
to the Executive Committee of the American Anti-Slavery Society at
New-York, to publish an edition of it, if they should
610should wish; on condition that they should not
countermand the orders they had given to Gales and Seaton for 1000
copies— After calling at two or three shops to enquire for long cotton
stockings which one of the shopmen told me, had gone so much into disuse
that they would not pay for the expense of keeping them for sale, I
returned to Charles’s Office, and waited for him a half an hour, till
near two O’Clock— The tenant of the Southernmost of my two houses corner
of Boylston Street, came to call upon Charles for repairs.— After
waiting sometime longer I went to the Stable— Charles after waiting for
me sometime, had just gone— I went back again, found he was not at the
Office— Just then the Plymouth stage went by, in which I took a seat,
and at 20 minutes past 3 was landed in front of Mr Daniel
Greenleaf’s yard at the Cross-roads— Charles had got home
about a quarter of an hour sooner.— My family had just sitten down to
dinner. After dinner I called at the Quincy Patriot Office, but Mr Green was
gone to Boston— Stop’d at Mr Gill the bookbinder’s shop,
and was going to Charles’s when I met him coming over. Mrs
Smith, Mary and
Abby spent the Evening at
Mr
Miller’s— A drowsy head-ache drove me to bed at 8
O’Clock.
