John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Macomb Alexander
- M
rsFrye
Morning service at the Presbyterian Church. Heard Mr
Fowler, from Isaiah 25.1. “O Lord thou art my God; I will
exalt thee, I will praise thy name: for thou hast done wonderful things;
thy counsels of old are faithfulness and truth.”— The latter part of the
verse Dr
Laurie was in the pulpit, and old Mr and
Mrs Nourse, in my pew—
After Church I had a visit from my neighbour General Macomb— After dinner at
St. John’s church Mr Hawley
read the service for the 22d. Sunday after
Trinity, and preached from Deuteronomy 32.9. “For the Lord’s portion is
his people; Jacob is the lot of his
inheritance— 10. He found him in a desert Land, and in the waste howling
wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the
apple of his eye— 11. As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over
her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her
wings, 12. So the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange God
with him”— The text was full of matter, but the Sermon was empty—
Mrs
Frye came home and sat some time with me; and I walked
with her to Mrs Smith’s— I returned home
early in the Evening, and continued writing out my Speech of Saturday
the 14th. I read a pamphlet Letter, from
William L. Stone to Dr Amariah
Brigham, relating his visit to Providence Rhode-Island,
where he witnessed the operations of animal magnetism, performed by
Dr George
Capron, upon Miss Loraina
Brackett, a young woman from Dudley, Massachusetts— The
account is as marvelous as the stories of the Cock-lane Ghost, the
Miracles at the tomb of the Abbé Paris, or the Salem witcheries of the
17th. Century. The substance of the
story is, that by the effect of certain cabalistic motions of a
magnetiser, the patient, a person labouring under nervous disease, is
lulled into profound sleep, and in that condition, is by the power of
imagination
362imagination, endowed with miraculous powers of
loco-motion, and especially of vision— Dr
Capron magnetized this young Lady into a profound sleep, in nine minutes
of time; first making her walk in sleep about the house, and look at
pictures with the back of her head turned to them— He next put her into
a state of Clairvoyance, and then delivered her over to Mr Stone, who sat down by her side took her
hands in his, and by agreement with her transported her through the air,
to New-York, where they visited sundry places among which was Mr Stone’s own house. She saw every thing
that was to be seen, and among them rarities never seen by any one else—
Mr Stone’s narrative is much
interspersed with argument to prove that he could not have been deceived
or imposed upon— There is an appendix of additional evidence of the
wonders of animal magnetism, which within a few months past has been
exciting a degree of public attention somewhat alarming— I am
apprehensive that there is danger of some great imposture’s being
imposed upon the public credulity, and I cannot but meditate upon the
fact, that the existence of this mysterious power of animal magnetism,
has maintained itself in the minds of multitudes, more than have a
century since its fallacy was detected by the Commission from the French
Academy of Sciences in 1783. It is among the remarkable hallucinations
of the human mind; and one of those in which the natural progress is
from weakness to frailty—from frailty to vice—from Vice to Crime, and
from crime to public calamity— Stone’s pamphlet is portentous— My
morning and evening labours overply my faculties, and I had a restless
and uneasy Night.
