John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
r. D. H. Miller M.H.R. with a Mr Proud, whom I knew at St. Petersburg in the year 1813. B. W. Crowninshield, with a
judge Thatcher, E. Lincoln M.H.R. A. Hobart, M.H.R., with a Mr Hedge,
and two others from Plymouth, R. D.
Spaight M.H.R. from North-Carolina, W. N. Edwards M.H.R. from the same
State. Dr
Everett, the President’s Secretary, with a Mr
Tappan from Boston, and three others: H. R. Warfield M.H.R. from Maryland.
P. S. Markley, M.H.R. from
Pennsylvania, with Mr Paulding and Mr
Kittera. S. F.
Vinton M.H.R. from Ohio. Mr Cummins of Salem, and
others were at my House: and at the Office, James M’Ilvaine, S.U.S. from
New-Jersey, with his Son, Bloomfield
M’Ilvaine; H. U.
Addington, Chargé d’Affaires from Great-Britain, Baron Tuyll the Russian Minister,
Genl. Brown again and E. Wyer— Many of these were merely
visits of courtesy, and for introduction— General Brown told me he had
yesterday morning had a long conversation with the President; and had distinctly told him
his impressions of the present and recent conduct of Calhoun— He said the President had
heard it with surprize— Brown himself is deeply affected by it— At the
Office, he shewed me a Letter from Ambrose Spencer at Albany, whose election to the Senate
hitches between the two Houses of the Legislature.— He was nominated
without formal opposition by the House of Assembly; having however, only
77 votes— In the Senate, he had from ten to twelve votes, with at least
20 against him. These, so scattered their votes so that no nomination
was made by the Senate, and they could not go into joint ballot. The day
passed without completing the election, and now they must pass a Law to
fix another day for the choice— Spencer writes Brown that my friends in
the Senate concurred in this postponement, from an opinion that he was
hostile to me, which he solemnly protests he is not. His professions
have been constantly friendly. His manifestations of inclinations, and
his actions so far as he has acted constantly adverse— This species of
duplicity pervades the conduct of so many public men in this Country,
that it is scarcely possible to know upon whom any reliance can be
placed— Edwards came to enquire about the nominations to foreign
Missions, and to urge the interest of Mr Miller of
North-Carolina, who is recommended for that to Guatemala. I told him how
the matter stood, and the doubt whether the nominations would be made by
Mr Monroe at all. And when he should
finally determine, whether he would or would not make them I promised to
give Edwards seasonable notice of his determination— Mr Warfield came upon the notice given him as
I had yesterday requested, by Mr Webster— He said that he had
not expressed his determination for whom he should vote in the House on
Wednesday— His friends Mr Charles Carroll of
Carrollton, and Mr Taney of Baltimore had urged him to vote for
General Jackson, under an
impression that if I should be elected, the administration would be
conducted on the principle of proscribing the federal party— I said I
regretted much that Mr Carroll, for whose
character I entertained a profound veneration, and Mr Taney, of whose talents I had heard high
encomium, should harbour such opinions of me. I could assure him, that I
never would be at the head of any administration 75administration of proscription to any party—political or geographical.
I had differed from the federal party on many important occasions, but I
had always done justice to the talents and service of the individuals
composing it; and to their merits as members of this Union— I had been
discarded by the federal party, upon differences of principle, and I had
not separated from one party to make myself the slave of another— I
referred in proof of my adherence to principle against party, to various
acts of my public life, and Mr Warfield
declared himself perfectly satisfied with my exposition of my
Sentiments. Mr Vinton applied for
collections of the public Congressional Documents, for the University in
the State of Ohio. Mr Addington came to
enquire whether I had received official accounts of the intention of the
British Government to acknowledge the Independence of the South American
Republics— I mentioned to him the purport of the despatch received
yesterday from R. Rush with which
he appeared to be highly satisfied. I told him also that Mr
Fitzgerald had declined accepting the mission to this
Country—of which he had not been before informed. Baron Tuyll brought me
an extract from a despatch received by him, concerning discriminating
Tonnage duties in Russia— It was not known to him and we had much
conversation concerning it. He had also a circular from Count Nesselrode written in August
last; relating to a new levy of men at that time to recruit the Russian
army. The Baron will write to me upon the Tonnage duty.— I sent to the
President a draught of Instructions to Commodore Rodgers— In the Evening I attended the Theatre
with my family— Cooper’s
benefit. Damon and Pytheas; and Catherine and Petruchio— The house was
more crowded than I ever witnessed it. The President, Genl. La
Fayette, Genl. Jackson, Mr Crawford, and perhaps a hundred members of
Congress were there. The performances were good; but Cooper is getting
into the decline of age. Between the Tragedy and farce he recited
Alexander’s Feast—well.
