John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
for 72for the appointment of
Governor of Arkansas; urged him to declare openly that he would vote for
Jackson, and intimated that
he should then have the appointment— Cook says he offended Ingham by his
answer to this proffer, and Ingham has said nothing of it since—
M’Duffie’s argument was to the same purpose— That General Jackson’s
election would depend upon his, Cook’s vote. That there was a moral
obligation to vote for him who had the greatest number of electoral
votes— That if I should be elected it would only be by Clay’s corrupt coalition with me—and that
the People would be so disgusted with this that there would be a
systematic and determined opposition from the beginning so that the
Administration could not get along— It would be overthrown and he would
be involved in its ruin— Cook says that T.
J. Rogers last evening after the party at M’Lean’s came to Cook’s lodgings, and
declared that if I should be elected Pennsylvania would cordially
support my Administration. That he could answer for three Presses
himself; and that before he left Harrisburg, Mowry the State Printer there told
him, it was nearly certain I should be elected, and he was d— glad of
it. Cook says too that last Night when Ingham came home after the
failure of the attempt to effect an accommodation of the affair between
Clay and Kremer; he said the
sword was drawn, and the scabbard thrown away— Tracy and Crowninshield were here this
morning; and gave accounts of the attempt at accommodation— An apology
was drawn up disclaiming any intention of imputing corruption to Clay,
and declaring that he knew no fact, ascertaining that any bargain had
been made; which Kremer professed himself ready to sign; and which Clay
declared would be satisfactory to him. But Kremer after consulting the
Pennsylvania delegation or that part of them by whom he is moved,
declined signing the paper— Kremer is said to be an intemperate man; and
to have acknowledged that he scarcely knew whether he had written the
Letter or not— At half past eleven I attended at the Capitol the Meeting
of the Commissioners of the sinking fund to make their annual report—
Mr
Gaillard, the President of the Senate pro Tempore, and
Mr Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury were
present. The Chief Justice and
Attorney General absent— Mr Crawford received a note from Mr Wirt saying that he was confined to the
house by indisposition. The report of the Secretary of the Treasury to
the board was read by me at Mr Crawford’s
request— The report of the board to the two houses of Congress was also
read and then signed in triplicates— A slight error was detected in the
Report of the board and corrected. The accompanying statements were
read, with the exception of part of one of them; a list of payments by
certain banks, which was long and Mr
Crawford said had been fully examined at the Treasury. The finances of
the Country are in a very flourishing condition— On signing the papers,
Mr Crawford observed that he had yet so
much rhumatism in the hand, that he wrote with difficulty— He had asked
me to read the papers, and Mr Wirt’s note,
as he could not easily read, himself. His speech is more distinct in
articulation than it was. The business of the board occupied about an
hour— I then went into the Senate chamber; it being Saturday the Senate
were not in Session— The House of Representatives were engaged in
balloting for a Committee of seven, upon the appeal of the Speaker, in
his collision with George Kremer. I have always on this annual day for
making the Report of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, passed two
or three hours afterwards in the House 73House—witnessing their debates— From motives of delicacy, I abstained
this day from going in— I returned to my house, and afterwards attended
at the Office of the Department. W.
Sturges called and had some conversation with me
concerning his claim upon the Russian Government. He had sent me a reply
to a paper of remarks delivered to me by the Baron de Tuyll— I received a note
from H. R. Warfield M.H.R. from
Maryland; dated yesterday, and asking me to appoint a time when I could
see him this day: but it was too late. I dined with Mrs
Adams at the Baron
de Mareuil’s, the French Minister. Mr and Mrs
Calhoun were there— Mr and Madame Durant St. André, Mr Baker
the British Consul General, and his
sister; and the small Corps Diplomatique, now at this
place; and Genl. Dearborn— Madame St André was taken unwell at table and retired— Mrs Adams left me at Mr
Pleasonton’s where there was a small Evening party. I had
a free conversation with General Brown.
