John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
r Sanford late Senator from New-York, called at
my house this morning to take leave. I have entertained a very
favourable opinion of his talents and principles, from his public
conduct in the Senate these four years, and his private deportment has
been invariably kind and friendly to me— About three years since he
intimated to me that the appointment of Minister to France would be
acceptable to him, if, as was then expected a vacancy there should
occur. I mentioned it to the President at that time, but the vacancy did not then
occur; nor has it yet taken place— But it is still expected, and Mr Sanford said if it should happen, the
appointment would yet be agreeable to him. I told him it was doubtful,
whether Mr
Gallatin would return this year. And if he should return I
could not say who would be the person appointed to France in his stead—
All I could say was that my good wishes would be with him. We had some
further conversation; but as he had not appeared disposed last Tuesday
to speak of the New-York State-politics, I did not now, nor did he
allude to them— On leaving me he appeared to be much affected— I was so
myself— I wished him with great cordiality health and happiness; and on
taking my hand at parting he assured me with earnestness of his
friendship; adding that he would at a proper time give proof of it. This
was not only spontaneous on his part, but entirely unexpected on mine— I
made no reply; but took it as a momentary effusion of good will
intending a reciprocation of the friendly sentiments which I had
manifested towards him. The day was almost wholly absorbed at the
Office, with visitors. Mr Parrott, Senator for
New-Hampshire came to renew a recommendation of a friend for a Consular
appointment— Mr Terrell member of the late House from Georgia
came to take leave; having declined a re-election to Congress— There
were published in the Charleston City Gazette in January of the last
year two long and elaborate attacks upon me, addressed to me under the
signature of Sagittarius— Terrell told me a short time after their
publication that he knew who was the author of them: and told it as if
he meant to tell me— I did not ask him however, neither did he tell me.
As it is very likely I shall not see him again, I determined now to
ascertain whether he would tell me or not— I reminded him therefore of
what he had said last winter, which he recollected, and asked 547him, as he knew the author of Sagittarius, if he
had any objection to tell me who it was. He looked very much
embarrassed; and answered slowly and doubtingly—no—he believed not—he
thought he could tell me; but he did not tell me; and I soon relieved
him from his perplexity by changing the subject of Conversation— Why he
told me last Winter that he knew the and why he now so awkwardly evaded
telling me who it was, I shall probably never know.— Mr Scott the
member of the house from Missouri came to ask for a new application to
the Spanish Government, for the liberation of Bard, M’Knight and some other American Citizens who have been
several years imprisoned in Mexico. Notwithstanding the late decree of
the King of Spain for the release
of all Citizens of the United States detained as State prisoners in the
Spanish dominions, Scott says these persons have not been discharged,
and some of their relations wish for Passports to go to them— I sent to
General Vives, who furnished
Letters to serve as Passports. Onis
two years ago had refused them— Mr J. M. Baker came to
supplicate for some appointment under the Florida Treaty. His Situation
is truly distressing. A Mr Sweney brought me a Letter
of recommendation from Andrew
Gregg, now Secretary to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
and with whom I formerly sat in the Senate of the United States— Sweney
came all the way from Pennsylvania, to ask for an Office in any of the
Public Departments; but there is no vacancy. Mr John R. Hurd of
New-York called at the Office— He has been some time here upon business
before Congress— As he was the first person who called for an official
investigation of L. Harris’s
conduct as Consul in Russia, I enquired of him whether he had known any
thing of it other than what he had stated to me, in his Letter of
September 1817. He knew nothing but by hearsay. But he gave me a written
statement of two English vessels, who bought admission as Americans, by
the Certificates of Harris, in 1808—the names of the vessel, master, and
sum paid, as told by Diederich
Rodde to Captain
Bates and by Bates to Hurd— I spoke to him also of a Straw
Bonnet, made at Weathersfield sold some months since at New-York as an
extraordinary specimen of American manufacture; which Hurd bought and
sent as a present to my
wife— I told Hurd that while in the public situation which
I hold, I made it a principle to accept no valuable present from any
one. It was very harsh to interdict the acceptance of presents offered
to my wife, and it gave me pleasure to see her giving countenance
according to our means to the productions or ingenuity of our Country— I
had therefore consented to her acceptance of his present, and should
only take some opportunity to ask his acceptance of some equivalent in
return— He said he hoped I should not think of it, and mentioned his
reason for sending the bonnet to Mrs Adams,
which was merely because he thought, it would give it the best
opportunity of attracting notice— I did not press the conversation
further. I called at the President’s to consult upon measures to be
taken, for carrying into execution the Florida Treaty.— The Appointment
of Commissioners—Secretaries, Revenue and judicial Officers is yet in
deliberation, and the measures for taking possession of the Florida’s
are yet to be settled. I wrote also the monthly despatch to R. Rush. Hopkinson and J. Sergeant spent the Evening with
us.
