John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
rs
Chambré took her
daughter to school at Hayes— Her Son Walter came with a Mrs Williamson, and
returned home with his mother to Hampstead this Evening. He is to come
back to school on Wednesday— I walked to Kew Bridge and near there was
overtaken by a Stage in which I went to the White Horse Cellars,
Piccadilly. Alighted there and walked to Craven-Street where I found
Mr Oliver,
just returned from Ireland.— He came by the way of Cheltenham where he
found Mr and Mrs
Patterson, and the Miss Caton’s, much
gratified with the attentions they had received there, particularly from
the Duke of Wellington— But
he left the place last week, after which it was deserted by most of the
fashionable company and Mr & Mrs Patterson talked of leaving it. Mr Oliver is going in one or two days, to
meet Mr
Pinkney at Naples. One of his
nephews came out with Mr
Pinkney as his private Secretary. Dr Burgoyne came, and brought
me a Letter of introduction from William
Crafts junr. of Charleston
South Carolina— Dr Burgoyne has been here
about a Month, and proposes going next week with his Lady to France— Mr G. Joy
came, with a Note from himself, having made the arrangement for a pipe
of Madeira Wine, in the London Docks. He sat with us until five O’Clock,
conversing as usual upon a variety of Subjects— Mr Luffman
the engraver came, and made further enquiries about the means for him,
of going to the United States— He proposes to take out with him many 46plates of his maps to pursue his business in
America; but being apprehensive that they might be seized in the attempt
to carry them away, he came to enquire if I would guarantee their safe
exportation, which I of course declined. Mr: Patrick Smyth came
according to the appointment I had made, and shewed me the Will of
his brother upon which he claims the
Estate in West-Florida; and some minutes of Evidence, from which it is
not fully ascertained that the testator himself is dead. I told Mr Smyth, that as the general question in
this case applies to both Nations, it might be necessary that there
should be an understanding between the two Governments on the subject—
It would be therefore advisable for him to apply to the British
Government; and, obtain their interest in his favour— They would then
either through me, or through the British
Minister in the United States, propose some arrangement
which may operate with reciprocity, and I was sure the Government of the
U.S. would be ready to settle it upon the most liberal principles— After
some embarrassment and hesitation, Mr Smyth
acknowledged that he had already made an application, upon his case to
Lord Castlereagh, and
had received his answer, which declined any interference, until Smyth
should have pursued his pretensions, in the proper
channel, which Smyth said he had now done by applying to me— I
told him I supposed Lord Castlereagh had meant, not me, but the Courts
of Law in the Country where the estate lies— Smyth wanted me to give him
in writing the assurance that the American Government would make the
settlement on the most liberal principles, but he finally went away,
saying that he should make a new application to Lord Castlereagh. There
was also a Letter from Philip
Thorne of Tavistock; enquiring if I had received his
Letter enclosing the Information of Avery, and stating that he had been advised to publish it
in the Newspapers; but as they would probably go to the United States,
he wished first to hear from me.— I answered his Letter, dissuading him
from the publication at present, and stating my intention to present the
affair to the Consideration of this Government— I took to town the two
Notes to Lord Castlereagh that I had prepared— Mr Smith made out the
original of that relating to the Sales at Auction, which I signed and it
was sent. Mrs Adams came into town at six O’Clock, and we
went and dined with Mr and Mrs
John Cowell at N. 20. Bedford Square— The company
consisted of the Countess of Cork,
Lord and Lady
Mexborough, General and Mrs Doyle,
Mr
Drouet the French flute player and his
Sister, Mr Perry, Editor of the Morning Chronicle,
Mr
Sheridan, son of the celebrated person of that name lately
deceased, a Mr
Smith, an Etonian and schoolmate of Young Cowell, with two or three others,
and Mr Prince
Sanders— The Conversation at table was not remarkably
harmonious; and the company was not well assorted— After dinner there
was a numerous party; and one Card-table made up. Mr Drouet played upon the flute; his Sister,
Miss Cowell, and one or two other young
Ladies played on the Piano, and sung. There was a younger Miss Cowell who sung uncommonly well. Young Cowell
introduced Sheridan to me— I asked Perry who was the author of some
verses on the Death of Sheridan which appeared in this day’s Morning
Chronicle— He told me it was Tommy
Moore— He spoke to me of a pretended Treaty between Russia
and the United States, which has been announced in many late Newspaper
paragraphs— I told him he might rely upon it there was no foundation for
the Story— He spoke also of the distressed State of the Country, and the
late Meeting, called by the Duke of
Rutland, and presided by the Duke of York; which had a curious
and quite unexpected result.— He said that in his paper to-morrow, there
would be an account of the Spanish Expedition against Algiers, in 1775.
which failed.— That the present expedition of Lord Exmouth had been undertaken
sorely against the inclinations of the British Government, at the urgent
instigation of the Emperor of
Russia, who was meddling with everything.— That there
would also be in to-morrow Morning’s paper, a call upon the Ministers to
assemble Parliament immediately, or that they would incur a heavy
responsibility— That there was a monthly agricultural Report in which
there were dreadful details of the distresses of the Country— It was
printed, and partially published; by distributions only to particular
persons— But he had a copy of it, and should certainly make use of it—
Mr J. A. Smith sent me the Note to Lord
Castlereagh, concerning R.
Shapley’s case to be signed— I took it home with me— It
was one in the Morning when we reached home— The Morning had been fine,
and at Summer heat; but there was a heavy thunder shower by four in the
afternoon, and from that time cold and frequent rains all the
Evening.
