John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
r Beresford at Berlin, which
with the three Volumes of Jortin’s
Remarks on Ecclesiastical History, which he had lent me at St: Petersburg, I took with me to London, and
gave to his Son, at his lodgings, N. 40.
Buckingham Street— I called at N. 16. of the same Street to see Dr
Bollmann, but he was not at home. At the Office in
Craven-Street, I found Mr Smith had gone out of town on Saturday, and
had not returned.— He came home about four O’Clock, having been to
Mr
Birkbeck’s, at Guilford, thirty miles from London— I went
to the Covent-Garden theatre Box-Office to engage a seat for this
Evening; but there was none to be had, better than I could expect to get
without engaging it— I called at the Auction Office of the Robbins’s, and settled their bill for
some wine purchased lately of them.— Then at Silvester’s the engraver, where I
found a new design for the Seal which I bespoke—the Device from the
Constellation of Lyra— I gave some further directions and am to call
again before he begins to engrave the seal— Returning to the Office, I
wrote a Letter to the Chevalier de
Llaño at Berlin; answeing the two that I have lately
received from him; which I left with Mr
Smith to copy, and send to Mr Beresford.— An
American named Anderson applied for a
Passport; and I endorsed a Passport from the Marquis d’Osmond, the French
Ambassador, for a Genevan named Joly, to go
to the United States— I received the following Cards, Notes and Letters—
A printed Card, dated Carleton House, the 4th. July 1816.— The Prince
Regent has expressed Himself desirous that the Nobility
and Gentry, invited to Carlton House on the 12th. Inst. should appear upon that occasion in British
Manufacture.— A note from Earl
Bathurst returning Mr Gregg’s Letter— A Letter
from Messrs:
A. Glennie, Son and Co: enclosing one from L. Harris at St. Petersburg of 15. June— He has at length received his
despatches— But his bustle about them is not over. He gives me momentous
admonitions, about the importance of forwarding despatches for him, in
the regular way; and in the manner which he has pointed out— Harris
always will be the fly upon the Coach wheel.— A Letter from J. Grubb, enclosing a card from the
Danish Consul General, Mr Horneman, and a letter
forwarded by him from O. C.
Kellermann, at Randers in Jutland, about the sale to the
United States of the Nicobar Islands.— A Letter from F. E. Montréal at St. Petersburg of 7 June, enclosing the new Russian Tariff, and
a Letter for Mr
W. Gray at Boston. I left the order in favour of Barclay and Co. with Mr Smith, to
be delivered to them.— Dined at the Office and then went to
Covent-Garden theatre— The Princess Charlotte
of Wales, and her
husband were to have been there; but she was indisposed
and could not come; a notice of which was placarded on the walls of the
house— I could get a seat only on one of the back benches of the Boxes
behind the dress Row.— The Play was the Opera of Artaxerxes—Mandane by Miss Stephens, Artaxerxes by Duruset, Arbaces by
Sinclair— The Air’s and
duets of this Opera, are among the most popular songs that I have heard
and performed these thirty years, but I had never seen the Play before—
It is an Italian Opera of Metastasio, translated, and the music composed by
Dr.
Arne. As a drama, every thing in it is out of nature, it
is by the plot a horrible tragedy in which all the Passions are
sacrificed to the Music; and the music is all sweet and warbling,
without any exhibition of Passion— Miss Stephens was encored in “The
Soldier tir’d,” but yet did not sing it so much to my taste as I have
heard it— The performance altogether did not equal my expectations— It
was succeeded by a farce, called killing no murder—I know not why— It
was one of the low and vulgar pieces in which Matthews displays his humour, by
personating five or six characters, and mimicking as many persons, and
Liston, by burlesque imitation
of the style of Opera-dancing— The 26closing piece
was Blue-Beard, or female curiosity; of which I saw only the first Act—
There were behind me two men, one of whom had just returned from Paris,
and was all the time torturing the other with comparisons between the
English and French theatrical Representations, and assuring him of the
infinite superiority of the French— I had ordered the Carriage to Craven
Street at eleven O’Clock. I returned there just before it came; and went
to the Countess of Jersey’s
Route— It was excessively crowded with Company, few of whom I knew— I
spoke again to Count Lieven
about the British new naval Expedition to Algiers, which he said was
fitting out; but that Lord
Exmouth had received no Instructions; the Official
Accounts of the Massacre at Bona, not having been received. I asked
Count Lieven and Mr Pfeffel, if they had received Cards expressive
of the Prince Regents desire that the company at the Ball on Friday
should appear in British Manufactures— They said they had— That the
Cards must have been sent by some mistake of the Servants to the Foreign
Ministers, for whom Pfeffel said they could not be intended as they were
neither Nobility nor gentry.— Lord
Castlereagh told me that they had passed the Act of
Parliament, for allowing American Vessells to take as many Passengers
from Ireland, as British Vessells— I mentioned to him also, the
Clearance of American Vessels direct, for British Ports in India— He
said the Act had followed the example of our Act— Mr Rogers,
the Poet and Banker asked me to call and see him at his house— Mr and Mrs Patterson
were there; and Miss Caton—
Mrs Wellesley Pole and Lady Fitzroy Somerset, were with
them, and taking the greatest notice of them— Miss Louisa Caton was so much
indisposed that she could not come— Mr
Patterson told me they now talked of going to Cheltenham on Friday; but
they were putting it off from one day to another— He hoped to go, about
that time— The Earl of Jersey
was not at the party; being out of town.— I came away, shortly before
one; and reached home at half past two in the morning.
