John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
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Adams into London, and found George and his schoolmate Chambré at the Office— I immediately dressed and went
with Mr
Smith to the Prince
Regent’s Levee at Carleton House— Before leaving home I
had received a Card of invitation from Lord Castlereagh, to dinner, next Friday the 12th: instant, and a Card for Mr and Mrs Adams,
of Mr
Penn at Home this Evening.— At the Office I found a Card
of invitation, from the Lord
Chamberlain, to Mr: and Mrs Adams, to a Dress Party, a Ball, at the
Prince Regent’s, on Friday next, to have the honour of meeting the
Queen— A Card to Mr: and Mrs:
Adams, of the Marchioness Dowager of
Lansdowne, at Home, Sunday, the 7th. to meet the Duke and Duchess of
Cumberland—and a Card to the American Ambassador, of the
Countess of Jersey at
Home, on Monday the 8th. instt— The Levee was more numerously attended
than the last; but less crowded than the preceding one— The Duke of Wellington was there, and
his brother, Mr Wellesley-Pole, introduced
me to him. Mr Pole and Lord Westmorland, told me, that they had
seen last Evening Mrs Patterson and the Miss Caton’s; they
brought Letters from Mr and Mrs
Bagot, who Mr Pole told me, he
was happy to hear, were very popular in America.— Count Lieven asked me what was
the explanation that had taken place between Lord Castlereagh and me,
relative to the late transactions of Lord
Exmouth at Algiers and with the Barbary States; I told him
the substance of what had passed between us— Baron Nicolaï told me that in the
course of eight or ten days, he should embark for St Petersburg; and that the Emperor had appointed him, Minister at
Copenhagen.— The Levee was soon over— The Prince Regent, passed me,
simply saying, “How do you do, Mr
Adams”—which is the same thing he always says, on these Occasions— He
seldom says any thing more, to others; but he was peculiarly gracious to
the Duke of Wellington; and complimented him upon the cheerings of the
People, with as much apparent satisfaction, as if they had been bestowed
upon himself.— The Dukes of Kent and
Gloucester, and the Earls
of Liverpool and Westmorland,
spoke to me, the two former about the weather, and the latter, about the
distresses of the commercial interest in this Country, and in America—
It appears they are as great in the United States, as here— From the
Levee, I returned to Craven-Street, where I found Coll:
Aspinwall the Consul, who gave me a despatch from the
Secretary of State, dated 24. May— I gave Coll: Aspinwall, the Letter which I received yesterday from
Henry Sparks, with all the
enclosures, requesting him to make the necessary enquiries concerning
Matthias Masoner, at the
Admiralty— Mr R. Patterson soon afterwards came in— He and
his family are going in a few days to Cheltenham, and from thence in the
Autumn to France— Mr Patterson had brought
the despatches, which I received the 25th
ulto: from Mr Grubb, to whom they
had been delivered by the Master of the Virginia Coffee-House— Mr Patterson, on landing from the Vessel, at
one of the outports, gave the despatches into the charge of the Captain,
and they were doubtless given by him to the Master of the Coffee-House—
When Coll: Aspinwall and Mr Patterson left the Office, I went with
Mrs Adams to Thomas’s Hotel Berkeley-Square, to visit Mrs Patterson, and the two Miss Caton’s her
Sisters— Mrs Patterson who has been unwell,
had a fire— The young Ladies, when 24we went in,
were gone out; but came in while we were there; quite enchanted with
having witnessed the transports of the People at the sight of the Duke
of Wellington— Lady Morven also came in, upon
a visit to the Ladies, and brought a Card for them to the Countess of
Jersey’s Route, next Monday— As we came away Mrs Patterson, and especially the Miss Catons were extremely
anxious in their enquiries, whether they could not be presented at
Court; which we assured them they might be, without difficulty, at the
Queen’s first drawing-room—and I offered to present Mr Patterson at the first Levee; which
according to the etiquette should precede the presentation of the
Ladies— But he appeared to have an aversion to the whole affair— He
proposed to postpone it all until their return here, next Spring; but
the Ladies were very earnest in their purposes, and insisted by all
means upon being presented at Court—because it was one of the things, to
be seen in this Country— A Show, and they wanted to see it, like other
Shows— On leaving them I left Cards at the Earl of Jersey’s, and then called
at the lodgings of Mr
Balk-Oleff, the Russian Minister going to Rio de Janeiro.
He was not at home, and I left my Card, with the Letter for Mr Sumter—
We called at the House of Mr Allston and Mr
Leslie; neither of whom was at home; but we saw the Picture of
Mr Charles
King’s
three
children which Mr Leslie is
painting— Thence we returned to Craven Street, where I found Mr G.
Joy—Mr L. Bathurst, and Mr John
Macky. Mr Macky had been at the
Office before; and had left Letters of Recommendation from Mr Monroe, Secretary of State, from Mr
Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury, and from Mr H. St. George Tucker, a Member of
Congress from Virginia— He has business here in which they suppose I can
assist him; and I offered him every service in my power— Mr Bathurst has received no answer from the
Earl, to the Letter he
wrote, requesting to see him; and came to ask me to do something for
him. I had taken the Letter from Mr Gregg, with me to London,
expecting to meet Earl Bathurst at the Levee, but he was not there.— I
told Mr Bathurst I would send the Earl the
Letter this Evening; and was persuaded he would shortly receive his
answer— Mr Joy, had made some enquiries,
about wine, in the London Docks, and recommended the same he had
mentioned to me in a Letter— It was six O’Clock when these Gentlemen
left the Office— Mr
Chitty the Tailor was in waiting, and I settled his Bill.
Mr Smith and George went and dined with Mr Sanders— Mrs: Adams and I dined at the Office; after
which we sent Cards of invitation to Mr and
Mrs. Patterson, and the Miss Caton’s to
dine with us next Tuesday— They answered a previous engagement. I
answered the Card from Lord Castlereagh—enclosed Mr Gregg’s Letter with a Note to Earl Bathurst, and wrote an
order upon the Brothers Baring and Co. in favour of Samuel Williams, on account of
James Maury, the Consul at
Liverpool, to be charged to the Seamen’s fund— Wrote also a Letter of
recommendation for A. G. Goodlet, to
H. Jackson, Chargé d’affaires
at Paris.— Left copies of those Papers at the Office to be copied by
Mr Smith, and at nine in the Evening
went with young Chambré to Mr
Sanders’s—there was there an assembly of sixty or seventy persons,
strangely collected together.— Among them were Mrs Opie,
the Novelist, a General
Burgoyne, Mr Marset a Genevan, Mr Beresford, a son of
Dr
Beresford now at Berlin, Mr Amory, Captain Magee, Mr Prescott, the young man who
brought me Letters of Recommendation, Mr Bryden, John Clerkson, and others. Mr Sanders, made me an apology, for having by
mistake omitted to send me a Card, for his dinner— There was a Band of
Music, and an intended Ball, which partly failed.— About eleven, we left
the party, and went to Mr Penn’s, where we
found another Ball, and a company, perhaps of three hundred persons,
scarcely a soul of whom we knew.— After some time however we met
Mr
West the Painter, and had much Conversation with him— His
original Picture of the foundation of Pensylvania by William Penn was also there— We came
away soon after one in the Morning; went to Craven Street and took up
Lucy.— Mr Smith and George were returned
from Mr Sanders’s, and just in bed— We got
home, just at three in the Morning; with broad day.
