John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
r B.
Galloway, of Hagerstown Maryland, concerning, Mr W. P.
Dana, and his daughter,
after having postponed it for sometime in expectation of having his
Letter which I gave to Lord
Kinnaird returned to me— I think it best however to delay
no longer— Received a Letter of 29. March from General Scott at Liverpool, and one
of the 30th: from Mr Maury— The General had
received my despatches, and the Packet for Mr Ludlow at New-York,
and promises to dispose of them as I requested in my Letter— Mr Maury’s Letter says the General sailed on
the 29th. in the Franklin for Baltimore.—
Went into London with Mrs Adams— Called at Count Munster’s house 21. Piccadilly,
to see and converse with him, at the request of Mr
Bussche-Hünnefeldt, but the Count was not at home— Went to
the Office at Craven Street, and Mrs Adams
went to visit Mrs
King and Mrs Bourke, the Danish Minister’s Lady.— At the Office
I found a Letter from Baron
Rehausen, the Swedish Minister, recommending to me a Swede
named Charles Hammelin late a
subaltern officer in the Swedish service, who was sentenced to be shot
for rashness in sacrificing lives by defending an untenable Post. He was
pardoned, but dismissed from the service, and wishes to go to America,
to enter the Service of the United States— The man came, himself, and
appeared to be in great distress— But he understands not a word of
English and scarcely a word of French. I told him that though very
desirous to serve him, I could not see the smallest prospect of his
obtaining a Commission in America— He went apparently much disappointed.
There was also a Petition from William
Webb, stating himself to be a native American Sailor, and
a convict on board of a hulk at Woolwich; sentenced to seven years
transportation, for stealing some fowls worth half a guinea; but he says
he bought them— He prays me to interpose with the British Government to
obtain his pardon, and then to send him to America— Also a Letter from
Captain Stuart requesting
a French Passport which was sent him. Mr Bennet of Alexandria
came, and mentioned that he expected to go in about a fortnight to
France previous to returning to America. I enquired of him what his
prospects were, with regard to his petition to the Lords of the Treasury
for indemnity, on account of the plunder of Alexandria, by the British
frigates in 1814— He said they gave him fair words, and that they had
now referred the memorial to Captain
Gordon (the pillager) to report upon the facts— He
evidently yet flatters himself that he will get something— Mr
Caldecott came at three O’Clock the time I had appointed—
He is a Surgeon, Apothecary and Man midwife,—who wishes to remove with a
wife and five children to America— He came for advice and
information, what his prospects of thriving by his profession would be—
I gave him all the information that I could, and particularly urged him
not to form sangwine expectations of success, if he should go—and
reminded him how much the medical department was already crowded in
America— He asked if there would be any chance of his obtaining
employment in that line in the American army or navy.— I told him none
during the Peace, and probably none even in case of War, which would
comfortably maintain himself, a wife, and five children. I referred him
to Mr Bennet who was present, and whose
opinions were not more favourable to the prosecution of the project than
mine— He said he would reflect further upon the subject, and if he
should finally conclude to go, he would apply to me again. He asked me,
if I would give him in case he should go a letter of recommendation, to
some person who might advise him, and I promised to give him a Letter
for Dr
Mitchill at New-York. When he and Mr Bennet were gone I wrote a Note Mr
Hamilton, the Under Secretary of State, enclosing to him
Webb’s petition, requesting a decision of this Government upon it— I
took it with me, down to the foreign Office, to leave it there in case I
had not found him— But he was there, and received me.— I gave him the
Note, and Petition, which he finally took, though in the first instance
he wished me to take it back and address it to Mr Beckett the
Under-Secretary in the Home Department— But I told him I had in this
instance followed precisely the course recommended to me on a former and
exactly similar case, by Mr Morier— I enquired also of
Mr Hamilton, whether foreign Consuls
residing here enjoyed any exemption from the payment of taxes— Mr Maury had written to me, requesting this
information— Mr Hamilton told me they were
not entitled to any such exemption. Count Lieven the Russian Ambassador sent in his name, and
I immediately came away, and returned to Craven 421Street— Left Bode’s Uranographia
to be bound— Settled the Account of Williams
the Stationer, and took with me the Book of minutes of Office charges—
It was about seven when we reached home, and I found an answer from
Captain Stuart to the answer I had written him relating to Pio.
