John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
r Jackson at Paris,
enclosing Massena’s pamphlet in
defence of himself. A Letter from Mr Rawle, requesting me to
present him to the Prince Regent and
the Queen— And one from Captain Stuart, offering to take
Letters for Paris— Went with Mrs: Adams and George to the Oratorio at
Covent-Garden. The principal performers were Braham and a Mr Tinney, Miss
Stevens, Madame
Fodor, Madame Marconi and
Miss Smith— The first Act was a selection
from Handel’s Messiah. The
Second, from his Acis and Galatea, with an Italian Air from Mozart sung by Madame Fodor— The
third Act was a selection from various modern composers— After the first
Act, Mr
Drouet, first flute player of the king of France’s chapel,
performed a Concerto upon the flute, and surpassed every thing that I
had ever heard upon that instrument— Braham and Miss Stevens were the
best singers. The house was very much crowded. After the second Act was
finished, Mrs Adams was unwell and we came
away— I left her and George at the Office, and went to spend the Evening
(passer La Soirée) at the Duke de la
Châtrés— It was half past eleven O’Clock, and the Company
was just assembling. It consisted of about a hundred persons— Most of
the foreign Ambassadors and Ministers, Lady Castlereagh, Lords
Bathurst, Westmorland,
Melville, Stafford, Harrington, Mrs
Wellesley Pole, the Countess of Jersey, Lady
Harrowby and her daughter, Lady
Susan Ryder, Mr Chester, Mr
Hamilton the Under Secretary of State, Mr Planta,
and many others whom I did not know. Prince Esterhazy the Austrian Ambassador was there, with
his father, Prince Paul
Esterhazy who has very lately arrived in England, and to
whom he introduced me— Naldi a
performer at the Opera was there, with his
daughter, and a french young Lady, and they sung several
French and Italian Airs and Duets, with accompaniment of the Piano—
Drouet the performer on the flute was likewise there, and played some of
the pieces I had already heard at the theatre, and several others— The
Duke de la Châtre, told me, that he was appointed premier Gentilhomme de
la Chambre of the king, and was only waiting to have his audience of
leave of the Prince Regent— He had been to Brighton to obtain it there;
but he had been told he should have it at the first levee— Lord
Melville, the first Lord of the Admiralty told me, he had heard from the
Niger frigate, in which Mr Bagot and his family took
passage; from Madeira— The ship met with some damage, from the shock of
an Earthquake, which they felt at Sea— It was at the same time felt at
Madeira, and at Lisbon— Mrs Wellesley-Pole
had no Letters from her daughter,
and was very anxious to hear from her— Lord Westmorland told me that my
prophecy about the property tax had come to pass; and I told him I was
more than ever convinced that I had given him the true reason for the
event.— The Spanish Ambassador
told me, that he had Letters from Mr Onis at Philadelphia, of 9.
February— He writes that some ill-intentioned persons had spread the
report that the intercourse between the American Government, and him was
broken off; but it was not so— He had only gone to Philadelphia, to see
his wife, who was there
sick— Fernan Nuñez also told me that he had ordered the appeal of
Jurisdiction to be centered in the case of the Sabine; perceiving that
it came within the same principle as that of the William and Mary.— I
came away a little after One O’Clock— Went to Craven Street—took up Mrs Adams and George, and reached home about
half past three in the Morning.— Received Letters from Mr Maury at
Liverpool, and from a Mr Caldecott who wishes to
remove to America, and requests to see me— The Prince Regent arrived
from Brighton at Carleton house the Evening before last.
