John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
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Everett, which is long, and being obliged to go out early
for my walk, wrote scarcely any thing else. George continues very unwell— I walked to Ealing and
Acton, returning by the way of Gunnersbury— Met Mr Von
Harten. Afterwards, as I passed by a small one Story
House, between Acton and Gunnersbury I saw two women, one of them with a
child in her arms, standing before a window of the house and looking in—
My attention was caught by hearing the woman with the child say, “Yes
there is, as there is a God in Heaven! . . . There is a man there with a
hat on— She then shrieked; and the other woman screamed, and immediately
two men, and two women ran out from the yard of a house opposite— The
man in the house had perceived the woman as she first spoke; immediately
jumped out of a back window, and ran off towards Acton— There was no
enclosure round the house, and only a gate opening from the road to it—
The two men from the opposite house ran after him, but he had too much
the start of them— A woman from a chamber window of the opposite house
said she had seen the man go into the house—that he was a genteel fellow
and wore a blue Coat. The woman with the Child it appeared lived in the
house, which is scarcely bigger than a Porter’s lodge; she had gone out
leaving no person in the house, and this man was a thief, who thus at
noon day went in to rob the house. The woman was ready to faint and they
took her into the opposite house— She said it was the second time this
had happened: The man would have escaped but just after he had got off,
there came up a man in a light cart with a horse, who immediately turned
round, and raced back by the road to catch him at Acton— I then
proceeded on my walk home and after passing Gunnersbury the man in the
Cart passed me, again, returning, and told me he had caught the thief,
and that several things belonging to the house had been found upon him.
As I pursued my way home I met a boy of 13 or 14. standing beside a
shabby little horse, who begged me to give him a lift to help him up—he
had an old bag with some copper pence and half-pence in it, instead of a
saddle.— These incidents lengthened the time of my walk. We had company
to dinner— Mr and Mrs
Tarbell, and Messrs:
Chad, Dr Francis, Ingraham, G. Joy, Oliver, and J. A. Smith— We had invited several
others who sent excuses. Mr Chad has been
Secretary to the British Legation in Holland, and France, and is now
appointed to go out in the same capacity to the United States. He says
Mr
Croker has promised to let him have a passage in a
frigate; but the Ministers are now so much occupied with the property
tax that he knows not when they will despatch him. Mr Smith brought out a Notice, from the
Lord Chamberlain’s
Office, that the Queen will hold a
Drawing-Room, next Thursday, the 21st. at 2.
O’Clock at Buckingham House; and also a Letter from the French Consul—
Our Sons John and Charles were at home from School— We
sat at table after dinner not so long as usual; and the company all went
away soon after eleven O’Clock.
