John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
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Cook was sent for to him again, and prescribed Pill,
Powders and Potion for him— By the morning Post, I received a Packet
from Mr J. A.
Smith, containing Letters— 1. from himself, dated 31.
Decr. mentioning a number of respectable
characters at New-York, who had written to Washington, recommending him
for the appointment of Secretary to this Legation, before he received my
Letter of 22. July, and whose recommendations had alone prevented him
from withdrawing his pretensions after he had received it— 2. From
Mr Anthony
Morris at Madrid, dated 18. Decr: in answer 370to mine of 25. November
last to him. It relates to the case of the William and Mary, upon which
he says he made two applications in May last, to the Secretary of State Cevallos, from
whom he received only a verbal, and very offensive reply in July that
the case was under advisement. So that Mr
Morris though his Letter is dated the same day that I received that from
the Spanish Ambassador here,
communicating the orders that he had received from his Court, to
interpose for the restoration of the property, had not been informed
that such orders had been given. 3. from Charles’s Cleland, in the New Prison—with thanks for the
notice I had taken of his former Letter; and further solicitations, to
obtain his release. 4. A Letter from Messrs: Ralph and Thomas Westropp of Limerick, to
Coll:
Aspinwall; soliciting the appointment of American
Vice-Consuls at that Port— Mr Aspinwall had
left the Letter at the Office to be forwarded to me— I was employed upon
this Journal until breakfast—closed that last and began upon the present
year; so nearly retrieving all arrears as to begin upon the narrative of
yesterday, but not having time to finish it— Mr Huxley
came and gave a lesson to John and
Charles, but George’s hands
are so stiffened that he could not take one— It was past twelve when I
left home, and nearly two when I reached Mr
Smith’s lodgings, Number 13. Craven-Street, where my Office is
henceforth to be kept— Mr Grubb was there, with Mr Smith—And I found on the table Letters as
follows. 1. From the Spanish Ambassador, Count Fernan-Nuñez,
communicating a copy of Lord
Castlereagh’s answer to his Note concerning the William
and Mary, and informing me that he is ready to authorize Messrs: Dickason
and Nevett to enter an appeal of Territory. 2. from
Mr
Jackson, our chargé d’affaires at Paris, with a bundle of
Old Newspapers from the Department of State; brought to him by a
Mr
Sterry, appointed Consul at La Rochelle; and from Paris by
Mr E.
Morse. 3. From Mr Maury at Liverpool—Still
concerning the Sailors and the want of money. 4. From Mr
Bourne at Amsterdam, with complaints on the same Subject,
and urging again compensation for Consuls. 5. From my Mother, with Letters from her to my
three Sons, two other Letters for George, and a copy of my father’s Letter to Dr Price
dated 19. April 1790 at New-York, a partial extract from which was
published by Mr Morgan in his Memoirs of the Life of Dr Price— While I was at the Office, Mr John M.
Aspinwall of New-York, brought me a Letter of introduction
from his father Mr Gilbert Aspinwall one of the assignees of
Robert Bird. He says in his
Letter that he expects a dividend will soon be made— This young man is
going immediately to Paris, and promised to take Letters for me, and the
200 franks which Lucy Hauel wishes
to send for her father— He came for a
Passport which was given him, and he asked, if he could not get Mr Grubb to obtain the endorsement of the
French Ambassador, and
the papers necessary from the Alien Office—and he added that Mr Grubb had done so for another American
Gentleman, who had given him a fee for it; though Mr Grubb had told him there was nothing to
pay for what was done at this Office— I told Mr Aspinwall, that Mr Grubb was no
longer in this Office— That my strict injunction to him had been to take
no fees whatever while in my Office; and that this was the first notice
I had that he had ever taken any. He was indeed under no obligation to
obtain for Americans the endorsement of the French Ambassador, or the
papers at the alien-office, and he might have thought himself at Liberty
to receive a fee for doing it— But had it been known to me I should
strictly have forbidden it; and I could not permit that he should now
receive a fee for doing any thing connected with the business of this
office— Mr Aspinwall took therefore his
Passport, to transact the business himself.— A Letter was likewise
brought me from Mr Karthaus, in reply to mine
of 23. December. Mr Bagot came about three—and informed me that
the Frigate Niger was now ready, at Portsmouth and he expected to leave
London next Saturday or Sunday to go and embark for Annapolis; though he
should not move if the wind should be westerly. He offered again to take
Letters, Despatches and any thing that I may wish to send— He said he
was to have the same Captain, (Jackson) with whom he was to have gone out in the
Lacedemonian— But that Frigate was a twin ship, with the Macedonian,
they were both built for sailing, and so sharp, that there was not room
for the stowage of his baggage. He had then taken a Transport to carry
that— But the Niger was of a different Construction, and could take all
his effects; so that he should take no Transport. As he said Lord
Castlereagh, who is now at Norfolk, at Lord Suffield’s, the brother in Law of Lady Castlereagh, would be in town to
attend next Monday at Brighton the celebration of the Princess Charlotte of Wales’s Birth-day, I
asked him if there was any foundation for an insinuation lately twice
repeated in the Morning Chronicle, that the Princess was to marry one of
the Austrian
Archdukes now here— He said none in the world— The Morning
Chronicle had pretended that the late Council held at Brighton had been
deeply engaged in that important affair. The truth was that the Council
was held for the sole purpose of swearing in Lord Amherst—(The Ambassador going out to China) and
there were so few members to attend it, that the Prince had been obliged to direct Mr
Pole, to stay at Brighton a day longer than intended 371because there were not sufficient number of the
members present, to form a Council without him.— We had some further
conversation, upon the late accounts from France— The escape of La Valetta—the projects of Amnesty
and Revenge, the Ministry and the Legislative Chambers. I told him I
should bring him some Letters for the United States on Friday. Mr Grubb had several times proposed to me, to
subscribe to the Westminster Library N. 44. Jermyn Street; and having
renewed this day the proposal, I assented to it— He informed the
Secretary of my wish, and brought me a Catalogue of the Books, and a
copy of the printed Terms of Subscription— He was then going into the
City, and offered to call upon Messrs:
Dickason and Nevett, whom I was desirous of informing of the substance
of the Letter this morning received from the Spanish Ambassador. But
before he left the Office, Mr Nevett came in— I shewed him
the papers, and told him that they had now only to apply to Count Fernan
Nuñez, who would immediately give them the authority to enter the appeal
of Territory— Mr Nevett promised to send me
some American Newspapers, arrived by the Milo; the vessel that brought
the Letters from my Mother. Mr Chitty called, with the Broad Cloth, which I
had ordered— Just before I left the Office, Mr
Dashwood, one of Mr J. A.
Smith’s fellow-passengers from New-York, came in— I thought I had seen
him before, without recollecting where; and after some time, he asked me
how I had been, since we came from Sweden together— I then immediately
remembered him as the Purser of the John Adams— He gave a very bad
account of Mr
Jesse Nicholls who was also one of our fellow passengers
from Sweden to the Texel— Mr Dashwood told
us that he intended to go next Saturday to Liverpool, to embark
immediately upon his return to America— He offered to take Letters— Mr Bagot, and Mr Pursh are to go about
the same time— My Carriage was ordered at four, and came soon after.
Mr Smith gave me several late American
Newspapers and other publications.— I got out of the Carriage at the
third and walked nearly to the sixth Mile-Stone— It was about six, when
I reached home— In the Evening my wife read a few chapters of
Patronage.
