John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
r J. A. Smith there, and
several Letters which I received this morning induced me to change this
determination. I could therefore only write half a page of my Journal.
The Letters were three enclosures from Mr Grubb— The first a packet
from Messrs:
Alexander Glennie, Son and Co.
with a Despatch from the American Department of State—a Letter from
Mr
Stephen Pleasonton, a Clerk in that Department, written in
the absence, but by the order of Mr Monroe, instructing me to
apply to the British Government, for restitution or indemnity, to
Mr
Karthaus a Citizen of the United States for the capture of
a Vessel called the Baltimore, at St. Andero
within the territorial Jurisdiction of Spain, in the year 1812. by boats
from British Ships of War, in that harbour— The application is to be
made to the British Government, on account of the unsettled state of our
political relations with Spain. There is a Protest signed by the Captain
and Mate of the Baltimore; a statement by Mr
Karthaus of the value of the vessel and Cargo, with his Affidavit before
a Notary Public that they were his property—the sentence of condemnation
by the Court of Admiralty at London, and a written opinion of Mr W.
Pinkney as Counsel to Mr
Karthaus, recommending an application to the British Government for
redress.— The Letter from Messrs: Glennie,
requests my immediate attention to this affair, and proposes that Mr Karthaus should call upon me to take my
advice concerning it— The second and third enclosures were packets 356from Mr Beasley— One containing a
long Letter from him on the subject of the Sailors, in reference to the
Note from Lord Castlereagh,
of which I sent him some days ago a copy— The facts stated and the
suggestions contained in his Letter, made it necessary for me to have
some Conversation with him, and to postpone the answer to Lord
Castlereagh’s Note— The answer itself must also be a different one, from
that which I had prepared— The other enclosed a Letter to Mr Beasley from Mr
Cobbett, the Editor of the Political Register— It refers
him to a plan which Cobbett has formed of sending out a person to
New-York, to establish a regular literary communication between the
United States and this Country; the details of which plan, he says are
published in this day’s Register. But he says that he and his Son, intend at the same time to
send out some works, of which they wish to have Copy-rights in America;
and he asks two questions with regard to the Law of the United States,
concerning copy-rights.— Mr Beasley being
unable to answer these questions asks me to give him the information
requested— I went into Town, with the view of meeting Mr J. A. Smith— Mr Grubb said a Gentleman had called about half an hour before
I arrived— He had a parcel of American Newspapers for me; but had
neither mentioned his name nor where he lodged. He had taken the
direction of my house at Ealing, and said he would come out to morrow
Morning— Mr Grubb wrote by my direction to
Mr Beasley, mentioning that I would call
upon him at his house in Harley-Street, at Noon on Tuesday; or if that
should not suit his convenience requesting him to call at my Office in
Charles Street at two O’Clock the same day—or if not, to let me know
when and where he could see me. Mr J. C. Gray called at the
Office— He has been on a tour into the Country since he was here before,
and has just returned— He said that Mr Very had called at his
lodgings before he left London; but he was out and did not see him— He
had left word however that I had lent him money; which he Gray would
repay me— I told him I had not meant to call upon him for the repayment,
and Very had given me a draft upon his own
father at Salem— Mr Gray
proposes to go shortly to France, and asked me for advice, concerning
his travels, which I accordingly gave him.— The weather being fine, I
ordered the Carriage to come to the Office at four O’Clock— I left it
myself at three with directions, that the Coachman should follow and
overtake me on the Brentford Road— He did overtake me at the Corner of
the Street from Brentford; but having walked thus far, I chose to
complete the walk home, and came from the Office to my house, nine miles
and a few rods, in precisely two hours and a half— The weather, and
roads were as favourable for walking as possible— I found George’s Company all assembled— His
Schoolmates Buttanshaw, Chambré, Flexnay, Hamilton, Jackson, Patch,
Sheaffe, Turner, & Wright dined and
spent the Evening with us— The four Miss Nicholas’s came to tea, and we had music and
singing by the two eldest but Mrs Adams, who had been very
unwell the whole day, found herself immediately after dinner so ill that
she was obliged to quit the drawing-room, and retire to bed. The boys
had leave to stay till ten O’Clock, but it was past eleven before the
party broke up, and we sent them all back to school together, except
Wright, whose Uncle, Sir James
Wright, lives in our neighbourhood, and sent for him soon
after ten— Sir James is the Son, of the last Royal Governor of Georgia; and was born in America— Our
sons John and Charles stay this Night at home.
