John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
r Grubb
called upon me twice— I made up a second packet for the Secretary of State, and sent it just in
time for Mr
Trumbull, who went down this day to Gravesend— The
multitude of visitors and of applications that I have almost every day,
renders it impossible to keep my Correspondence regular. I had this day
visits from Commodore Barney, who
came with a Mr:
Barnes for a Passport— Mr Delprat and Buchanan came next—to take leave—
Mr Delprat going to-morrow morning for
Paris. Mr Buchanan the next day to Holland;
to join Dr
Eustis and to reside in his family— While they were here,
Mr Schley
came in, and brought me two Letters with a small packet of French
Newspapers from Mr Jackson at Paris, a Sailor boy, a native of
Richmond Virginia, starving and having no protection came to implore
relief, complaining that he had been turned away from the Consul’s
Office— I gave him a note to Mr Beasley. Mr
Sanders came, and asked my opinion, and advice, about his
project of going to St: Domingo— The primary
object is to introduce the systems 299of schooling
according to the plans of Bell and
Lancaster, into that
Island— Petion has sent over
here to request that some person should be sent out to his part of the
Country, for that purpose— Christophe, is represented, as equally earnest for the
establishment of schools within his territory— There is a Society here
instituted for the purpose of promoting these Schools, and it is that
Society which engages Mr Sanders to go—
Mr
Wilberforce is one of its principal and most active
members— Sanders asked me if he did not think he could promote useful
relations between St: Domingo and the United
States— He intimated that Mr Wilberforce had
further projects for which he proposed to raise a Subscription, but I
did not understand altogether what they were, nor perceive the propriety
of taking any part in them— In the midst of this Conversation Mr Robert Fulk
Greville came in— He announced himself as the brother of
the Earl of Warwick, and as
having married a Sister of
Lord Cathcart— He said he
was upon the Establishment of the king’s household (he is a groom of the Bed-chamber) and
had been many years a member of Parliament, though not one at present—
He said he was owner of the whole town of Milford-Haven; that is of the
land upon which the town stands, and he appeared labouring with some
project by which that place could be used as a Port for the commerce
between the United States and this Country— He said and often repeated
that he had no settled plan, and that he had no wish to injure the trade
of Bristol, Liverpool, or any other place— But he now resided at Great
Cumberland Place Number 2. A house which he rented of Lord Ranelagh for a year— If I would
call upon him there, at any time when at leisure, he would shew me the
Papers, and the proofs of the vast importance as a place of trade, which
might be given to Milford-Haven— He hinted that he had now some
proposals from the Ministry hereupon the subject, but did not explain to
me what they were, not at all distinctly, what was the object of his
application to me— I told him that I would call upon him some morning at
his house— After dinner, I walked out with the boys, and
assisted them in flying their kite in the Park.
