John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
r Petry to call upon me with
my Passport, and the Despatch for Mr Serrurier— That Petry had
been long in America, and wished to return there again— He was a very
good man, and he, the Duke should do for him what he could— I asked him
if there was any foundation in the rumour that the king of Naples (Murat) had beaten the
Austrians— He said there was no authentic account of it— But many
private letters mentioned it with confidence— The Minister of the Police had received
one yesterday, and he himself had one this Morning— I observed that the
public funds had risen here considerably within these few days— That
there must be some foundation for it in circumstances not generally
known— He said there had been some symptoms of hesitation in Austria to
join in the latest projected measures of the allies— That there had been
since the Treaty of 25 March a further declaration, proposed and
actually signed by three persons— He had the declaration itself— Austria
had, it seemed, declined signing it— There was also understood to be
some discordance in the English Cabinet— Lord Liverpool was understood to be inclined to continue
at peace— Lord Castlereagh
was ardent for War— I asked if he was certain of this— He said he had
reason to believe it. He knew at least that Lord Liverpool had been so
earnest for the Peace with America that he had tendered his resignation
to the Prince Regent, if it was not
made— Lord Castlereagh was for continuing the War— I said that we knew
perfectly well what were Lord Castlereagh’s dispositions when he passed
through Ghent on his way to Vienna— But we had heard, that from Vienna,
he had written home, advising that they should conclude with us.— He
said that was true— It was in consequence of the discussions with
Russia, and with Prussia, respecting Poland, and Saxony. Lord
Castlereagh was then much at variance with the Emperor of Russia, and did write to
advise the Peace with America— All this was fully disclosed in the
Correspondence from the French
Ambassadors at Vienna, with his department, and was now
among the archives.— After leaving the Duke, I paid visits to Messrs:
Barnet, D. Parker. Appleton, and Warden— The last of them has changed
his lodgings— The others were out, or at dinner— Evening at the Opera
Comique, Rue Feydeau—Le Billet de Lotterie, Les deux Jaloux and Les
Visitandines. The house was tolerably filled— Madame
Duret and Madame
Gavandan were the best of the performers— I had this
morning also a long-visit from Mr Erving.— I asked him if he
did not think Austria was practising an imposition upon Napoleon? I am much inclined to
think so myself— A Mr Lannuier brother of our
Landlord and Maitre d’Hotel at Ghent, came and asked me to
recommend him to Mr Jackson for a Passport as an American to go to
Ghent— He is not an American, but has been settled ten or twelve years
at New-York, and has a wife and two children
there— He came from New-York last winter, and brought with him one of
his Sons, whom he sent to his brother at Ghent— But the boy not being
satisfied with his situation there he intends taking him back to
America, with him and wants to go to Ghent for that purpose— I hinted to
him the difficulties which would naturally be made here to giving
Passports for any person to go to Ghent, the present abode of Louis 18. and the solid objection
against giving him, who professed not to be an American, a Passport
styling him such. I promised to state his case to Mr Jackson, but said that I should in his
situation not give a Passport.
